Basics of a Electric Motor

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DC Machines

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A Two Pole DC Motor

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A Four Pole DC Motor

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Armature of a DC Motor

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DC Machines

Significant Features of DC Machines

Conventional DC generators are being replaced by the
solid state rectifiers where ac supply is available.
The same is not true for dc motors because of
Constant mechanical power output or constant torque
Rapid acceleration or deceleration
Responsiveness to feedback signals

1W to 10,000 hp
Applications in electric vehicles to extend their range
and reduce vehicle weight, in steel and aluminum rolling
mills, traction motors, electric trains, overhead cranes,
control devices, etc.

Introduction
Electromagnetic Energy Conversion:
1.

2.

When armature conductors move in a magnetic field produced

by the current in stator field winding, voltage is induced in the
armature conductors.
When current carrying armature conductors are placed in a
magnetic field produced by the current in stator field winding,
the armature conductors experience a mechanical force.

These two effects occur simultaneously in a DC machine

whenever energy conversion takes place from electrical to
mechanical or vice versa.

Constructional Features of DC Machines

Commutator along with the armature

on the rotor
Salient-pole on the stator and, except
for a few smaller machines,
commutating poles between the main
poles.
Field windings (as many as 4):
Two fields that act in a corrective
capacity to combact the detrimental
effects of armature reaction, called
the commutating (compole or
interpole) and compensating
windings, which are connected in
series with the armature.
Two normal exciting field
windings, the shunt and series
windings

Schematic Connection Diagram of a DC Machine

Armature Reaction

If a load is connected to the terminals of the dc

machine, a current will flow in its armature windings.
This current flow will produce a magnetic field of its
own, which will distort the original magnetic field from
the machines field poles. This distortion of the magnetic
flux in a machine as the load is increased is called the
armature reaction.

Armature Reaction(AR)

AR is the magnetic field produced by the

armature current
AR aids the main flux in one half of the
pole and opposes the main flux in the
other half of the pole
The net effect is the reduction of the field current

16

Minimizing Armature Reaction

Since AR reduces main flux, voltage in
generators and torque in motors reduces
with it. This is particularly objectionable
in steel rolling mills that require sudden
torque increase.
Compensating windings put on pole
faces can effectively negate the effect
of AR. These windings are connected
in series with armature winding.

17

Minimizing commutation problems

Smooth transfer of current during
commutation is hampered by
a) coil inductance and
b) voltage due to AR flux in the
interpolar axis. This voltage is called
reactance voltage.
Can be minimized using interpoles.
They
produce an opposing field that cancels
out the AR in the interpolar region. Thus
this winding is also connected in series
with the armature winding.
Note: The UVic lab motors have
interpoles in them. This should be
connected in series with the armature
18
winding for experiments.

Equivalent Circuit of a DC Machine

If

Ia_gen
If

Ia_mot

+
Vf

Rf

Ra
+

Vt

Rf

Ra
Vt
Ea

Ea

IL

Ia
-

Vf I f Rf
Vt Ea I a Ra

Generated emf and Electromagnetic Torque

Vf I f Rf
Motor: Vt > Ea
Vt Ea I a Ra Generator: Vt > Ea
Voltage generated in the armature circuit due the flux of the stator field current

Ea K a d m
Ka: design constant
Electromagnetic torque

Te K a d I a

Pem Ea I a Te m

Magnetization Curve
Ea K a m
Flux is a non-linear
function of field current and
hence Ea is a non-linear
function of field current
For a given value of flux Ea
is directly proportional to
m

21

Types of DC Machines
Both the armature and field circuits carry direct current in the case
of a DC machine.

Types:
Self-excited DC machine: when a machine supplies its own
excitation of the field windings. In this machine, residual
magnetism must be present in the ferromagnetic circuit of the
machine in order to start the self-excitation process.
Separately-excited DC machine: The field windings may be
separately excited from an eternal DC source.
Shunt Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in parallel.
Shunt generator can be separately-excited or self-excited.
Series Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in series.

Separately-Excited and Self-Excited DC Generators

If

IL
+

If
+
DC Supply

Ra
Rf

Vt

Rf

Ra
Vt
Ea

Ea

Ia

Separately-Excited

IL

Self-Excited

Shunt Excited DC Machine

Shunt Field Coil

Armature
RA

24

Series Excited DC Machine

RA

Armature

Series Field Coil

25

Compound Excited DC Machine

Series Field Coil

Shunt Field Coil

Armature
RA

If the shunt and series field aid each other it is called a cumulatively
excited machine
If the shunt and series field oppose each other it is called a differentially
excited machine
26

Separately Excited DC Generator

Rf

If

Vf

+
-

Ra

RL
Ea

Field Coil

Armature

Field equation: Vf=RfIf

+
Vt
Ia

Armature equation: Vt=Ea-IaRa

Vt=IaRL, Ea=Kam

27

Shunt Generators
If

Ia I f

Ia
+
Ea

Shunt Field Coil

Field coil has Rfw :

Implicit field resistance

Armature
RL
Ra

Vt

Rfc
Field equation: Vt=Rf If

Armature equation: Vt=Ea-Ia Ra

Rf=Rfw+Rfc

Vt=(Ia If) RL, Ea=Kam

28

Example 1
A 100-kW, 250-V DC shunt generator has an
armature resistance of 0.05 and field circuit
resistance of 60 . With the generator operating at
rated voltage, determine the induced voltage at (a) full
load, and (b) half-full load.

(a) At full load,

Solution to Example 1
Vt=Ea-IaRa
If I
a
If=250/60=4.17 A
+
IL_FL=100,000/250=400 A
Ea
Ia=IL_FL+If=400+4.17=404.17 A
Ea=Vt+IaRa=250+404.17*0.05=270.
2V

Ia I f

Armature
RL
Ra

(b) At half load,

If=250/60=4.17 A
IL_HL=50,000/250=200
A
Ia=IL_HL+If=200+4.17=20
4.17 A
Ea=Vt+IaRa=250+204.17
*0.05=260.2 V

Rfc

Example 2

If

Vf

Rf

+
-

Ra

Example 2-solution

RL
Ea

Field Coil
-

Armature

+
Vt
Ia

DC Generator Characteristics

In general, three characteristics specify the steady-state

performance of a DC generators:
1. Open-circuit characteristics: generated voltage versus field
current at constant speed.
2. External characteristic: terminal voltage versus load current
at constant speed.
3. Load characteristic: terminal voltage versus field current at
constant armature current and speed.

DC Generator Characteristics

The terminal voltage of a dc

generator is given by
Vt E a I a Ra

f I f , m Armature reaction drop

I a Ra

Open-circuit and load characteristics

DC Generator Characteristics

It can be seen from the external

characteristics that the terminal
voltage falls slightly as the load
current increases. Voltage regulation
is defined as the percentage change
in terminal voltage when full load is
removed, so that from the external
characteristics,

E a Vt
Voltage regulation
100
Vt

External characteristics

Self-Excited DC Shunt Generator

Maximum permissible value of the field
resistance if the terminal voltage has to build
up.

Schematic diagram of connection

Open-circuit characteristic

Comparison between the Shunt and Series Connected DC Motor

Power Division in DC Machines

Arm. copper loss
Ia2Ra+brush contact loss
Input from
DC Generator prime-mover

Elec-magnetic

Arm. terminal

Output power

Power =EaIa

power = Vta Ia

= V t IL

No-load rotational loss (friction

+windage+core)+stray load loss

Series field loss IL2Rs

+shunt field loss If2Rf

Arm. copper loss

Ia2Ra+brush contact loss
Input power from
DC Motor mains =V I
t L

Arm. terminal

Elec-magnetic

Output available

power = Vta Ia

Power =EaIa

at the shaft

Series field loss IL2Rs

+shunt field loss If2Rf

No-load rotational loss (friction

+windage+core)+stray load loss

Efficiency
Power Output
Power Input
Power Input Losses

Power Input
Losses
1
Power Input

The losses are made up of rotational losses (3-15%), armature

circuit copper losses (3-6%), and shunt field copper loss (1-5%).
The voltage drop between the brush and commutator is 2V and
the brush contact loss is therefore calculated as 2Ia.

DC Machines Formulas

Example 3

Example 3-solution

Problem 9-1 to 9-5

Solution to Problem 9-1 (Page 621)

Solution to Problem 9-2 (Page 621)

Solution to Problem 9-5 (Page 621)

Problem 9-13 (Page 623)

Solution to Problem 9-13 (Page 623)

Solution to Problem 9-13 (Page 623)

The End