Industrial automation

Using Microcontroller
By: Engr. M.Rizwan Anjum
Department of Electronic Engineering
UCET, IUB.

Contents
Introduction
Parameters

consideration for

Automation
Selecting microcontroller
Internal architecture of Microcontroller
Applications

Introduction
Automation
The

control of an industrial process (e.g manufacturing, production

etc) by automatic rather that manual means is often called
automation

Automation

can be defined as a technology that uses programmed

commands to operate a given process

Basic building block diagram of

Automation

Transducer
Processing/ control
Set point

Appliances

Output/ Display

Sensors/ Transducers
Level
Flow
Pressure
Temperature
Humidity

Controllable applications
Motors
Solenoid

valves
Control valves

Display
Input

Parameters
Set point
Indication for Output (alarm)

Controller
Takes

Input
Verifies the conditions
Controls the equipment &
Displays the output

Microcontrollers
The prime use of a microcontroller :

To control the operation of a machine using a

fixed program that is stored in ROM and that
does not change over the lifetime of the system

Typical Microcontrollers
The

most common microcontrollers are

8-bit.
4-bit are used in high volume very low
cost applications
16 & 32 bit are used in high-end
applications.
Typical clock frequencies are 12 - 24
MHz

Different manufacturers of
microcontroller
Intel
Atmel

Philips
Dallas

Semiconductors
Microchip
Motorola

Criteria for Selecting

microcontroller
meeting the computing needs of the task
efficiently and cost effectively

speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the

number of I/O ports and timers, size,
packaging, power consumption
easy to upgrade
cost per unit

availability of software development

tools
assemblers, debuggers, C compilers,
emulator, simulator, technical support

wide availability and reliable sources of

the microcontrollers.

Different aspects of a
microcontroller
Hardware:

Software:

Interface to the real world

order how to deal with inputs

Test case:

8051

A smaller computer
On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU
I/O
Port

RAM ROM
Serial
Timer COM
Port

A single chip

History of 8051
1981,

Intel MCS-51
The 8051 became popular after Intel
allowed other manufacturers to make
and market an flavor of the 8051.

different speed, amount of on-chip ROM

code-compatible with the original 8051
form a 8051 family

Block Diagram
External interrupts
Interrupt
Control

On-chip
ROM for
program
code

Timer/Counter

On-chip
RAM

Timer 1
Timer 0

CPU

OSC

Bus
Control

4 I/O Ports

P0 P2 P1 P3

Address/Data

Serial
Port

TxD RxD

Counter
Inputs

Pin Description of the 8051

P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
RST
(RXD)P3.0
(TXD)P3.1
(INT0)P3.2
(INT1)P3.3
(T0)P3.4
(T1)P3.5
(WR)P3.6
(RD)P3.7
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

8051
(8031)

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21

Vcc
P0.0(AD0
P
) 0.1(AD1)
P0.2(AD2
P
) 0.3(AD3)
P0.4(AD4)
P0.5(AD5)
P0.6(AD6)
P0.7(AD7)
EA/VPP
ALE/PROG
PSEN
P2.7(A15)
P2.6(A14
)P2.5(A13
P
) 2.4(A12
)P2.3(A11)
P2.2(A10)
P2.1(A9)
P2.0(A8)

Port 3 Alternate Functions

P3 Bit

Function

Pin

P3.0
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7

RxD
TxD
INT0
INT1
T0
T1
WR
RD

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

MICROCONTROLLER I/O pins

I/O pins are very useful for the following :
reading Inputs/ reading keypads
Displaying output
controlling Motors (PWM) etc.

A Pin of Port 1
Read latch

TB2

Vcc
Load(L1)

Internal CPU
bus

Write to latch

Clk

P1.X
pin

P1.X
Q

M1

TB1

P0.x

Read pin

8051 IC

Writing 1 to Output Pin P1.X

Setb p1.x
Read latch

Vcc

TB2

Load(L1) 2. output pin is

Vcc

1. write a 1 to the pin

Internal CPU
bus

Write to latch

Clk

P1.X
pin

P1.X
Q

M1

TB1
Read pin

8051 IC

output 1

Writing 0 to Output Pin P1.X

Read latch

Vcc

TB2

Load(L1) 2. output pin is

ground

1. write a 0 to the pin

Internal CPU
bus

Write to latch

Clk

P1.X
pin

P1.X
Q

M1

TB1
Read pin

8051 IC

output 0

Reading High at Input Pin

Read latch

2. MOV A,P1

Vcc
TB2

external pin=High
Load(L1)

Internal CPU bus

P1.X
Write to latch

Clk

M1

TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1

8051 IC

P1.X pin

Reading Low at Input Pin

Read latch

Vcc

2. MOV A,P1

TB2
Load(L1)

Internal CPU bus

Q
P1.X

Write to latch

Clk

M1

TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1

8051 IC

external pin=Low

P1.X pin

8051 Family
Mask

programmable

factory fitted Programs

OTP

one time programmable

User Programmable
Reprogrammable

User Reprogrammable

Comparison of the 8051 Family Members

ROM type
8031 no ROM ; requires external Rom
80xx mask ROM
87xx EPROM
89xx Flash EEPROM
89xx
8951
8952
8953
8955
898252
891051
892051
Example (AT89C51,AT89LV51)
AT= ATMEL(Manufacture)
C = CMOS technology
LV= Low Power(3.0v)

Registers
A
B
R0

DPTR

DPH

DPL

R1
R2

PC

PC

R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
Some 8-bitt Registers of
the 8051

Some 8051 16-bit Register

Memory mapping in 8051

ROM memory map in 8051

family
4k
0000H

8k
0000H

0000H

0FFFH
DS5000
8751
AT89C51

1FFFH

from Atmel Corporation

8752
AT89C52

7FFFH

from Dallas Semi

RAM memory space allocation in the

8051
7FH
General RAM

30H
2FH
Bit-Addressable RAM
20H
1FH
18H
17H
10H
0FH
08H
07H
00H

Register Bank 3
Register Bank 2
Register Bank 1

Register Bank 0

Development Cycle of microcontroller based

project

How to interface Devices

Inputs

and Outputs
Compatibility of I/Os
Impedance matching
Selecting right microcontroller

Sensor
input/Analog

General diagram of
Automation
Set point
D0~D
7
Display
Analog to
Digital
converter

8051uc

Actuator
Contr
ol
Signal

Why Microcontroller
Less complex
Cheaper
Example
Thousand
s

hundred
s

Tens

Units

Decoder

Decoder

Decoder

Decoder

Counter

Counter

Counter

Counter

Clk input

C1
33pF

C2
33pF

X1

U1
19

CRYSTAL

18

R1
C3

10k

XTAL1

XTAL2

RST

10uF

29
PSEN
30
ALE
31 EA

1
P1.0
2
P1.1
3
P1.2
4
P1.3
5
P1.4
6
P1.5
7
P1.6
8
P1.7
AT89C51

P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7

39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32

P2.0/A8 21
22
P2.1/A9
23
P2.2/A10
24
P2.3/A11
25
P2.4/A12
26
P2.5/A13
27
P2.6/A14
28
P2.7/A15
10
P3.0/RXD
11
P3.1/TXD
12
P3.2/INT0
13
P3.3/INT1
14
P3.4/T0
15
P3.5/T1
16
P3.6/WR
17
P3.7/RD

Q1
2N2907

Q2
2N2907

Q3
2N2907

Q4
2N2907

Controller
Fixed
Universal controllers

Universal controllers
Input

in form of 0 ~5v
4 ~ 20mA
0 ~20mA

Conversion using Transmitter

Exp. Temperature transmitter, pressure transmitter. etc

Applications of
microcontroller
Personal

information products: Cell phone,

pager, watch, pocket recorder, calculator
Laptop components: mouse, keyboard,
modem, fax card, sound card, battery
charger
Home appliances: door lock, alarm clock,
thermostat, air conditioner, TV remote,
VCR, small refrigerator, exercise
equipment, washer/dryer, microwave oven
Industrial equipment:
Temperature/pressure controllers,
Counters, timers, RPM Controllers
Toys: video games, cars, dolls, etc.

Microcontroller Applications

Microcontroller Application
Area

Sample projects
Car parking gate control

Car parking gate control program

org
0
mov p0, #00
mov p1, #00
mov p2, #00
mov p3, #00
wait:
jnb p1.0, wait1
acall here
wait1:
jnb p1.2, wait
acall here1
here:
setb p2.0
limit1:
jnb p3.0, limit1
clr p2.0
switch:
jnb p1.1, switch
setb p2.1
limit2:
jnb p3.1, limit2
clr p2.1
inc a
mov p0, a
ret
here1:
setb p2.2
limit3:
jnb p3.2, limit3
clr p2.2
switch1:jnb p1.3, switch1
setb p2.3
limit4:
jnb p3.3, limit4
clr p2.3
dec a
mov p0, a
sjmp wait
end

; wait for enter into parking

; if inside goto here subroutine
; wait for leave parking
; if leave parking goto here1
; start motor1 for open d gate
; start motor1 until it strikes to limit switch
; after defined time stop d motor
; wait for input when the car cross the entering door
; when gate crossed start motor1 in revese direction to close d gate
; start motor1 in reverse direction until it strikes to the other limit
; after closing the door now stop motor1
; start counter to count number of cars on seven segment display
; display result on port 0 'use decoder'
; return from subroutine
; start motor2 for open d gate
; start motor2 until it strikes to the other limit
; after defined time stop d motor
;wait for input when the car cross the exit door
; when gate crossed start motor2 in revese direction to close d gate
; start motor2 until it strikes to the other limit
; after closing the door now stop motor2
; count down
; display result on port 0
; restart