Vitamins

and Vitamin-Like Substances

•Names and roles - vitamins
•Names and roles - vitamin-like
•Deficiencies and sources -vitamins
•Deficiencies and sources - vitamin-like
•Role in pathways
•Neurotransmitter overview
•Neurotransmitter pathway
•Tetrahydrofolate conversions
•Tetrahydrofolate examples
•B12 pathways

Eric Niederhoffer
SIU-SOM
 Names and Roles
Vitamins
A retinol phototransduction
B1 thiamine carbohydrate metabolism
B2 riboflavin redox, respiration
B3 niacin redox
B5 Pantothenic acid tca, fa and cholesterol
pyridoxine
aa metabolism
B6 pyridoxamine
glycogenolysis
pyridoxal
B7 Biotin gluconeogenesis, tca, fa, aa
B9 Folic acid 1C metabolism
B12 cobalamin 1C&H metabolism
C ascorbic acid hydroxylation
D cholecalciferol bone remodeling
E tocopherols antioxidant
phytylmenaquinone coagulation
K
multiprenylmenaquinone bone remodeling
 Names and Roles
Vitamin-Like Substances

Choline ac, pl

Carnitine fa acyl group transfer

Bioflavonoids antioxidants

Lipoic acid tca acyl group transfer

Coenzyme Q electron transport

Inositol phospholipids

p-Aminobenzoic acid folate component

 Deficiencies and Sources
Vitamins

preformed: liver, egg yolk, butter, milk

A - night blindness -carotene: dark green and yellow veggies

B1 - beri-beri seeds, nuts, wheatgerms, legumes, lean meat

B2 - pellagra meats, nuts, legumes

B3 - pellagra meats, nuts, legumes

B5 - none known yeast, grains, egg yolk, liver

yeast, liver, wheatgerm, nuts, beans,
B6 - neurologic disease bananas
corn, soy, egg yolk, liver, kidney,
B7 - widespread injury tomatoes

B9 - anemia yeast, liver, leafy veggies

B12 - pernicious anemia liver, kidney, egg, cheese

C - scurvy citrus and soft fruits

milk, fortified food, fish oils,
D - ricketts, osteomalacia egg yolks, liver

E - neurologic?, hemolytic anemia veggie oils, nuts

green leafy veggies, fruits, dairy products,

K - bleeding disorders veggie oils, cereals, meats
 Deficiencies and Sources
Vitamins-Like Substances

Choline - rare whole eggs, liver, beef steak, and soy (lecithin)

meat, dairy products, asparagus,

Carnitine - unlikely wheat grem

fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee,

Bioflavonoids - none known cocoa, wine, beer

Lipoic acid - none known liver

Coenzyme Q - rare fruits, vegetables, meats

Inositol - none known cereal grains

p-Aminobenzoic acid - see B9 liver, rice bran, whole wheat

 Role in Pathways
Glycogenolysis
Glc
PP a Glycolysis
Glycogen vit B6
PPP
G1P G6P
R5P
TK
vit B1
G3P
ALT
vit B6
Ala Pyr
PDH
vit B1,B2,B3
Acetyl-CoA
AST
Asp vit B6

OA
TCA vit B6
Glu
cycle
KG
KGDH
SCoA vit B1,B2,B3
Neurotransmitter Overview

PLP (vit B6)

Glutamate -Aminobutyrate
deCO2ase

Dopamine
PLP (vit B6)
Tyrosine Norepinephrine
deCO2ase
Epinephrine
PLP (vit B6)

Tryptophan Serotonin
deCO2ase
 Neurotransmitter Pathway

Catecholamines
PLP (vit B6)
THBP, O2
Tyrosine DOPA Dopamine
Tyr OHase AAA deCO2ase

DOHase Vit C, O2

PNMT
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
SAHC SAM

THBP, O2 PLP (vit B6)

Tryptophan 5HTP Serotonin
Trp OHase AAA deCO2ase (5-HT)
Tetrahydrofolate Conversions
Folate
DHF
reductase
(dUMP to dTMP
to DNA) DHF
DHF
reductase
THF
(HC to Met)
Most (His to
oxidized Glu)
(Ser to
Gly) N10-formyl-THF
N5-formimino-THF
N5,N10-methenyl-THF

N5,N10-methylene-THF

N5-methyl-THF
Most
reduced
 Tetrahydrofolate examples

NAD+ NADH + H+
N5,N10- N5,N10-
THF MLTHF THF MLTHF
PLP
Ser Gly CO2 + NH4+
serine hydroxymethyl glycine synthase
transferase

THF N5-FTHF

His Glu
glutamate formimino transferase

dUMP dTMP
thymidylate synthase

N5,N10-
7,8-DHF
MLTHF

A series of reductases THF DHF reductase

 B12 Pathways
Odd-chain
FA oxidation/
AA metabolism
MMCoA mutase
TCA
L-MMCoA SCoA
cycle
Vit B12
(H exchange)

Methyl transfers
(1C metabolism)
Met Ad transferase
ATP + Met S-AdMet
THF R
Met synthase A variety
Vit B12 of MTs
R-CH3
N5MTHF hydrolase
HC S-AdHC
Purines, dTMP
Review Questions

What are the different names
for vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,
C, and B12?

Which pathway depends on
vitamin A?

Which pathways and enzymes
depend on vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6
and B12?

Which pathway and enzyme
depends on choline?

Which pathways and enzymes
depend on folic acid?