FOUNDATION OF BIOLOGY

Circulation and
Cardiovascular Systems

Transport In Invertebrates

All cells need

Nutrients
Gas exchange
Removal of wastes

Diffusion alone is inadequate for large and

complex bodies
There are TWO types of circulatory fluids:
1. Blood- which is always contained within
blood vessels
2. Hemolymph- is a mixture of blood and
tissue fluid. It flows into a body cavity

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Open Circulatory System

Arthropods and many

molluscs
Heart pumps blood
through open-ended
vessels
Cells directly bathed in
blood

Open Circulatory System

Grasshopper: A hemocoel is a body cavity

filled with hemolymph, which freely
bathes the internal organs. The heart,
send hemolymph out through vessels and
collects it through ostia.

Hemolymph in grasshopper carries

nutrients but no oxygen. Gas exchange
happens in tracheae.
The tracheae provide efficient transport &
delivery of respiratory gases, while at the
same time restricting water loss.

Closed circulatory systems

Vertebrates, earthworms,
squids, octopuses
Blood stays confined to
vessels
A heart pumps blood through
arteries to capillaries
Veins return blood to heart

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Closed circulatory systems

The earthworm: The dorsal and ventral

blood vessels are joined by five pairs of
anterior hearts, which pump blood. The
lateral vessels distribute blood to the rest
of the worm.
The earthworm has no specialist organs.
Gas exchange takes place across the body
wall, which must always remain moist.

23.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate

Cardiovascular systems reflect evolution

Two-chambered heart

Fish
Pumps blood in a single circuit

From gill capillaries

To systemic capillaries
Back to heart

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23.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate

Cardiovascular systems reflect evolution
Land

vertebrates have double circulation

Separate pulmonary and systemic circuits

Three-chambered

hearts

Amphibians, turtles, snakes, lizards

Two atria
One undivided ventricle

Permits blood diversion away from lungs when

diving
But some blood from body and lungs mixes in the
ventricle when not diving

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23.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate

Cardiovascular systems reflect evolution

Four-chambered hearts

Crocodilians, birds, mammals

Two atria and two ventricles
Two circuits that do not mix

Right side pumps blood from body to lungs

Left side pumps blood from lungs to body

Higher blood pressure

Supports more efficient movement of blood

Needed in endothermic animals

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Test Yourself

1. Compare and contrast a closed

circulatory system of an earthworm and an
open circulatory system of a grasshopper.

2. Why does amphibians circulatory

system is considered not so efficient?

3. What are systemic circuit and

pulmonary circuit?

THE HUMAN
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

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What Does C-V System do?

Circulate blood throughout entire body

for

Transport of oxygen to cells

Transport of CO2 away from cells
Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells
Movement of immune system components
(cells, antibodies)
Transport of endocrine gland secretions

23.3 The human cardiovascular system illustrates the

double circulation of mammals

The mammalian heart

Two thin-walled atria that

Pump blood
To ventricles

Thick-walled ventricles that

Pump blood
To lungs and all other body regions

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STEP 1 : Oxygen-poor blood

returns from the body, flows
into the heart through the right
atrium. During this time the
tricuspid valve is closed, allowing
the blood to fill the right atrium

STEP 2 :The muscle walls of the

right atrium contract and push
the blood through the tricuspid
valve and into the right ventricle

STEP 3 :Once the right ventricle has

filled with blood, the right ventricle
contracts and pushes the blood through the
pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery.
This artery divides and transports the blood
throughout the lungs. In the lungs, the blood
gives up carbon dioxide in exchange for
oxygen.

STEP 4 : The oxygen-rich blood is

then returned from the lungs to
the left side of the heart, into the
left atrium. During this time, the
mitral valve is closed, allowing the
blood to fully fill the left atrium.

STEP 5 : Contraction of the heart

muscle of the left atrium pushes
the blood out of the left atrium, past
the mitral valve, and into the left
ventricle.

STEP 6: Once the left ventricle

is full of blood, the muscle
walls contract pushing the
blood past the aortic valve,
into the aorta, and out into the
body.

The rhythmic contraction of the heart is

due to the cardiac conduction system.
2 nodal tissues:
a. SA node is found in the upper dorsal wall
of the right atrium.
b. AV node is found in the base of the right
atrium.

Sa node also known as cardiac pacemaker

because it keeps the heartbeat regular.

23.5 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat

An electrocardiogram (ECG)

Records electrical changes in heart

Heart rate normally adjusts to body needs

Abnormal rhythms may occur in a heart
attack

Implanted artificial pacemakers can trigger

normal rhythms

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Conduction System of Heart

SA node triggers impulse

Atrial fibers produce P wave
P wave atria ready to contract
Stimulus reach AV node
Impulse down to AV bundle to the Purkinje
fibers
QRS signal ventricle ready to contract and
atria ready to rest
T wave ventricles recover from contraction

Vascular pathways
1.
2.

Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit

23.6 CONNECTION: What is a heart attack?

A heart attack is damage to cardiac

muscle

Typically from a blocked coronary artery

Stroke

Death of brain tissue from blocked arteries

in the head

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23.6 CONNECTION: What is a heart attack?

Atherosclerosis

Plaques develop inside inner walls of blood

vessels
Plaques narrow blood vessels
Blood flow is reduced

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Question
Contrast the structure and function
of the right and left ventricles.
Trace the path of blood through the
heart from the vena cavae to the
aorta.
Explain about the pattern that
results from normal cardiac cycle.
What conditions might occur as a
result of Atheroclerosis?

Blood, a transport medium

Functions of blood:
1. transport gases, nutrients, waste products,
and hormone throughout the body
2. helps to destroy pathogenic microorganisms
3.distributes antibodies
4.aids in maintaining water balance and pH
5. helps regulate body temperature
6. carries platelets and factors that ensure
clotting and prevent blood loss

Blood
Has 2 main portions: plasma and formed
elements.
Plasma: contains many types of
molecules, including nutrients, wastes,
salts and proteins.
Water: maintain blood volume
Salts: maintain blood osmotic pressure
and pH
Gases: cellular respiration
Nutrients: food for cells

Red blood cells

Small, biconcave disks, lack a nucleus

and contain hemoglobin. 6 million per
mm3 of whole blood.
Hemoglobin contains 4 globin protein
chains, each associated with heme, an
iron containing group, in which the O2
combines loosely with it.
The hormone erythropoietin, which is
produced in kidney, stimulates the
production of red blood cells.

White blood cells

Larger than red blood cells, have a nucleus,

lack hemoglobin.
5,000-11,000 per mm3
Neutrophils- phagocytize foreign materials.
Monocytes- are transformed into macrophage ,
which are large phagocytizing cells.
Eosinophils- important in releasing enzymes
used in fighting parasites and destroying
allergens.
Basophils- contain anticoagulant heparin, which
prevents blood clotting happen too quickly, it
also contains vasodilator histamine, which
promotes blood flow to tissues.

Lymphocytes- fight infection. Certain cells

called T cells attack infected cells that
contain viruses.
Other called B cells produce antibodies. Each
B cell produces just one type of antibody,
which is specific for one type of antigen.
Antigen- is a protein or polysaccharide,
causes the body to produce antibody
because antigen doesnt belong to the body.
When antibodies combine with antigens, the
complex is phagocytized by a macrophage.

Platlets

Are called thrombocytes result from

fragmentation of certain large cells. In
the red bone marrow.
The blood contains 150,000-300,000 per
mm3 of platlets.
These elements are involved in blood
clotting and coagulation.

Blood clotting

Is a complex process that includes 3

major events:
1. platelets and injured tissues release
prothrombin activator.
2. enzymatically changes prothrombin to
thrombin.
3. thrombin is an enzyme that causes
fibrinogen to be converted to fibrin
threads.

Blood types
ABO system
The presence or absence of type A and
type B antigens on red blood cells
determines a persons blood type.
Blood type

Antigen on
red blood
cells

Antibody in
plasma

Anti-B

Anti-A

AB

A, B

None

None

Anti-A and AntiB

Which type of blood would be accepted by all

recipients?
Which type blood could receive blood from any
other blood type?

Rh system

Rh positive or Rh negative
Rh negative individuals normally do not
have antibodies to the Rh factor, but
they may make them when exposed to
the Rh factor.
The designation of blood type includes
whether the person has or does not have
the Rh factor on red blood cell.