Qualitative Assessment of Heavy Metals

and PCB Concentrations

And 210Pb Radiometric Dating of
Sediments in Estero de Balete

Presented By:

Empeynado, Rudolf Gray A.

Jardinico, Nikki P.
Malasabas, Mariecor I.
Naperi, Jasmine Joyce T.
Raypan, Mike Lester T.
Background of the Study
Introduction

Pasig River
Estero de
Balete
Philippine
Government

Sediments
Background of the Study
Introduction

Pasig River
Estero de
Balete
Philippine
Government

Sediments
Background of the Study
Introduction

Pasig River
Estero de
Balete
Philippine
Government

Sediments
Background of the Study Estero de
Introduction Balete
Background of the Study
Introduction

Pasig River
Estero de
Balete
Philippine
Government

Sediments
Background of the Study
Introduction

Pasig River
Estero de
Balete
Philippine
Government

Sediments
Background of the Study
Introduction
Philippine Government
Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC)
1999
Clean and Green Foundation, Inc.
The Piso Para sa Pasig campaign
Environmental Aides
collecting garbage and solid wastes
Researches Were Supported And Funded
long-term solutions
Environmental regulations
impede violators from dumping and reduce pollution loading from wastewater sources
Background of the Study
Introduction

Pasig River
Estero de
Balete
Philippine
Government

Sediments
Background of the Study
Introduction

Pasig River
Estero de
Balete
Philippine
Government

Sediments
Background of the Study
Introduction
Naturally-
occurring material Transported by
broken down by the action of
processes of fluids as wind,
weathering and water, or ice
erosion
Settled and
accumulated Transported by
particles force of gravity
precipitated from a acting on the
solution particle itself

Sediments
Background of the Study
Introduction

Sediments

This study is concerned with the sediment analysis of Estero

de Balete. Assessment of the heavy metal content of the
sediments in Estero de Balete can provide an overview of the
degree at which the tributary is contaminated. Using this as a
basis, methods on how to control or limit production of
wastes can be made. Pollution sources can be determined
and remediation can be done to reduce the pollution of the
tributary that contributes to Pasig River
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem/Objectives
QUANTIFY AND ASSESS THE EXTENT OF HEAVY METAL
CONTAMINATION

Measure The Concentration

Copper Lead Mercury Zinc PCBs

Age Of Deposition Of Sediments

Lead Dating

Relationship Between The Concentrations Of Analytes And The Length Of Estero De Balete
Different Specific Time Frames

Sediment Quality Guidelines

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Ontario Sediment Quality Guideline
Administration Sediment Quality Guideline
Background of the Study
Significance of the Study

Provide
Extensive
Assessment Of
Contamination

SEDIMENTS
Aid For Future
Reference Of Future
Remediation Researches
Programs Of Estero
Concerned With
De Balete As Well As
Similar
Pasig River
Investigations
Background of the Study
Scope and Delimitation

Analysis Of The • Samples collected from parts of the range

• Tests for the presence of heavy metals & PCBs
Sediments • No attempt in remediating the sediments

• 1 meter deep through core sampling method

Dating Of The • Three parts of the sample used represent three
different time frames
Sediments • Sampling is only done once at 10 sampling sites

• Determination of relationship between concentrations

Analysis On The and the depth is not included
• Relationship between the length of the tributary and
Relationship the concentrations of the analytes are examined
Background of the Study
Conceptual Framework
Collection of Samples

Preparation of Samples

Laboratory Analysis

210
Pb dating Heavy Metal Analysis PCB Analysis

Interpretation of Data

Drawing of Conclusion
Review of Related Literature
Sediments

Sediment Formation
Review of Related Literature
Sediments

Sediment Properties Three main modes of sediment transport

 Review of Related Literature
Sediments

Sediment Properties

• Grain size and density, are deemed as

important in sedimentation and transport
processes.

• The clay/silt fraction has a high surface area

and because of its surface chemistry is more
likely to adsorb organic and heavy metal
contaminants.

• The size of the sediment is also important to

bioturbation or organism burrowing since it
affects the ease and depths to which
organisms can burrow.
Review of Related Literature
Sediments

Sediment Chemistry

Sediment chemistry is controlled by redox conditions (dissolved

oxygen, sulfides), pH, and the geochemistry of sediment particles.

Contaminants are distributed over a range of geochemical phases,

as well as being dissolved in the associated sediment pore waters,
and the nature of these associations and sediment/pore water
equilibria will determine their ultimate bioavailability.
Review of Related Literature
Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination

Copper

•an essential micro-nutrient required in the growth of both plants and animals.
• In humans, it helps in the production of blood hemoglobin
•In plants, copper is especially important in seed production, disease
resistance
and regulation of water.
•in high doses it can cause anemia, liver and kidney damage, and stomach and
intestinal irritation.
•About half of copper contribution to the environment from urbanization is
from automobiles.
•Copper normally occurs in drinking water from copper pipes, as well as from
additives designed to control algal growth.
•research shows that most copper introduced into the environment is, or
rapidly becomes stable and results in a form which does not pose a risk to the
environment.
Review of Related Literature
Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination

Lead

•Lead occurs naturally in the environment

•most lead concentrations that are found in the environment are a
result of human activities, natural and anthropogenic sources
•Exposure to lead can result in a wide range of biological effects
depending on the level and duration of exposure. Various effects
occur over a broad range of doses, with the developing young and
infants being more sensitive than adults.
•Lead poisoning, which is so severe as to cause evident illness, is
now
very rare
•lead fulfils no essential function in the human body, it can merely
do
harm after uptake from food, air or water
• Lead is a particularly dangerous chemical, as it can accumulate in
individual organisms, but also in entire food chains
Review of Related Literature
Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination

Mercury

•Mercury is a toxic substance which has no known function in human

biochemistry or physiology and does not occur naturally in living
organisms
•Monomethylmercury is probably the most common toxic form of
mercury found in the marine environment
•It has been known to travel through marine food chains and causes
damage to human consumers
• All mercury that is released in the environment will eventually end up
in
soils or surface waters.
Review of Related Literature
Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination

Zinc

•Zinc occurs naturally in air, water and soil, but zinc concentrations
are rising unnaturally, due to addition of zinc through human
activities
• Most zinc is added during industrial activities, such as mining, coal
and waste combustion and steel processing.
•Water is polluted with zinc due to the presence of large quantities
present in the wastewater of industrial plants.
•Zinc may also increase the acidity of waters.
•Some fish can accumulate zinc in their bodies, when they live in
zinc-contaminated waterways. When zinc enters the bodies of
these fish it is able to bio magnify up the food chain.
•Water-soluble zinc that is located in soils can contaminate
groundwater.
Review of Related Literature
Impact of Contamination
Polychlorinated
biphenyl

•Polychlorinated biphenyls are mixtures of up to 209 individual

chlorinated compounds (known as congeners)
• There are no known natural sources of PCBs.
• Some PCBs can exist as a vapor in air
•PCBs have been used as coolants and lubricants in transformers,
capacitors, and other electrical equipment because they don’t burn
easily and are good insulators.
•PCBs do not readily break down in the environment and thus may
remain there for very long periods of time
•In water, a small amount of PCBs may remain dissolved, but most
stick to organic particles and bottom sediments. The most commonly
observed health effects in people exposed to large amounts of PCBs
are skin conditions such as acne and rashes and liver effects
Review of Related Literature
Sediment Quality Guidelines

Ontario Ministry of
Contaminant Low Severe
Environment Screening
Level Guidelines Metals (mg/kg dry wt.)

Copper 16 110

Lead 31 250

Mercury 0.2 2

Zinc 120 820

Organic (µg/kg dry wt.)a

Total PCBs 70 5300

a - Normalized to 1% organic carbon

Review of Related Literature
Sediment Quality Guidelines
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Contaminant ERL ERM
Administration
Sediment Quality Metals (ppm dry wt.)
Guideline
Copper 34 270

Lead 46.7 218

Mercury 0.15 0.71

Zinc 150 410

Organic (ppb dry wt.)

Total PCBs 22.7 180

Review of Related Literature
Analytical Techniques for Sediment Analysis
Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the

concentration of a particular metal element in a sample.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy uses the absorption of light to

measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms.

Concentration measurements are usually determined from a curve

after calibrating the instrument with standards of known
concentration.
Review of Related Literature
Sediment Dating

210
Pb dating

Pb forms naturally in the sediments and rocks as well in the

210

atmosphere.

Pb eventually decays into a non-radioactive form of lead and has

210

a half-life of 22.3 years.

Review of Related Studies

Sediment Quality Guidelines

2008

Application of Sediment Quality Guidelines in the Assessment of Mangrove

Surface Sediment in Mengkabong Lagoon, Sabah, Malaysia.
Praveena M., Radojevic M, Abdullah M. H., and Aris A. Z.
Review of Related Studies

Sediment Heavy Metal

Contamination
2009

Water Quality and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment of Sungai

Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia: A Baseline Study
Ahmad A., Mushrifah I., and Mohamad Shuhaimi-Othman

2008

Heavy Metal Contamination of River Yamuna, Haryana, India: Assessment by

Metal Enrichment Factor of the Sediments
Kaushik A., Ankur Kansal, Santosh, Meena, Shiv Kumari, and C.P. Kaushik
Review of Related Studies

Sediment Heavy Metal

Contamination
2007

A Geochemical and Statistical Approach for Assessing Heavy Metal Pollution

in Sediments from the Southern Caspian Coast
Parizanganeh A., Lakhan V. C.,and Jalalian H.

2005

Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediments of the Venice

Lagoon and the Industrial Area of Porto Marghera
Fringani M., Belluci L.G., Carraro C., and Favotto M.
Review of Related Studies

Sediment Heavy Metal

Contamination
1994

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediments from Manila Bay, Philippines and

Inflowing Rivers
Prudente M., Ichihashi H., and Tatsukawa Ryo.
Review of Related Studies

Sediment Dating

2009

Estimating Sediment Accumulation Rates in Manila Bay, A Marine Pollution

Hot Spot in the Seas of East Asia
Sta. Maria E.J., Siringan F.P., Bulos A.dM., and Sombrito E.Z.

2008

Historical Chronologies of Sedimentation and Heavy Metal Contamination in

Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland
Strong J.A., and Service M.
Methodology

Description of the Study

Area
 Sample Adamson University
Site

53 m
R
26.5 m O
T 3.5 m M
A
U
F
A
T
L
D
A
E
V
14 m S
E
N
S
U
3.5 m T
E
R
E
E
530 m T

Sample Point
 2 in

C
PVC Pipe O
R
E

S
Tributary A
Water M
P 6 ft
L
E
R

1m
Tributary
sedimen
Sediments
t sample
 Sediment Sampling

S S S S S S S S S S
I I I I I I I I I I
T T T T T T T T T T
E E E E E E E E E E

A B C D E F G I H J

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
 S S S
I I I
T T T
E E E

A B C

P P P P P P P P P
O O O O O O O O O
I I I I I I I I I
N N N N N N N N N
T T T T T T T T T

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
 S S S
I I I
T T T
E E E

A B C

P P P P P P P P P
O O O O O O O O O
I I I I I I I I I
N N N N N N N N N
T T T T T T T T T

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
T
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

SAMPLE A1 SAMPLE B1 SAMPLE C1

 S S S
I I I
T T T
E E E

A B C

P P P P P P P P P
O O O O O O O O O
I I I I I I I I I
N N N N N N N N N
T T T T T T T T T

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
D
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1

SAMPLE SAMPLE SAMPLE

C2
 S S S
I I I
T T T
E E E

A B C

P P P P P P P P P
O O O O O O O O O
I I I I I I I I I
N N N N N N N N N
T T T T T T T T T

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
D
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1

SAMPLE A3 SAMPLE B3 SAMPLE C3

Methodology

Sample Collection and

Preparation
 SEDIMENTS FOR
SEDIMENTS FOR
SAMPLING HEAVY METAL
PCB ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS

PCB EXTRACTION ACID DIGESTION

SEDIMENTS FOR
LEAD -210 DATING

GAS ATOMIC
CHROMATOGRAPH ABSORPTION
Y ACID TREATMENT SPECTROMETRY

ALPHA PARTICLE
SPECTROPHOTOMET
RY
Methodology

Acid digestion of Sediment

Samples for Metal Analysis

Metal Analysis of Sediment

Samples
Methodology

Acid digestion of Sediment Polychlorinated Biphenyl

Samples for Metal Analysis (PCB) Analysis

Polychlorinated Biphenyl
Metal Analysis of Sediment Analysis of Sediment
Samples Samples
Methodology

Acid digestion of Sediment Polychlorinated Biphenyl

Samples for Metal Analysis (PCB) Analysis

Polychlorinated Biphenyl
Metal Analysis of Sediment Analysis of Sediment
Samples Samples

210
Pb dating
END OF PROPOSAL

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