Collapse Analysis Basic

Collapse is a Large Deflection, ElastoPlastic Non-Linear finite element

software tool for structural analysis.

Fully Integrated into the SACS suite of

programs. Same input as standard SACS
analysis and does not require any
additional modeling.

Same input as standard SACS analysis

and does not require any additional
modeling file.

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Collapse Basic

Collapse Capacities - 1
Collapse program takes into account the
following items:

Geometric and material non-linear behavior.

Non-linear elasto-plastic pile/soil

foundation behavior.

Both overall and local member buckling.

Joint flexibility, joint plasticity and joint

failure.

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Collapse Capacities - 2
User defined non-linear spring elements
(energy absorb devices in boat landings).
User defined ductility limits to account
for member fracture.
Creates analysis results file that is read
by Collapse View program which shows
failure progression and the gradual
plastification and collapse mechanism
graphically.
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Beam Element: Hinge Formation - 1

Collapse allows for hinge formation
at any point along the member
length by subdividing each member
into sub-elements and monitoring
the stress in each sub-element
( hinge formation not limited to
member ends and center - this pre
defines the failure mechanism).
By default, each member is divided
into 8 sub elements. Collapse
allows for a maximum of 20 subelements per member.
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Collapse Basic

Beam Element: Hinge Formation - 2

Collapse allows the gradual development
of plastic hinge through member cross
section.
Divide cross-section into sub areas and
monitor the stress level in each sub-area.
Tubular cross sections
divided into 12 sub
areas.

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Plate Element
Collapse allows plasticity to occur
gradually through the plate thickness .
Sub-divide the plate thickness into sub
layers (5) and monitor stress levels in
each sub-thickness .

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Yield Criterion - 1
Collapse uses Von Mises-Hencky
yield Criterion to determine the
onset of plasticity.

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Yield Criterion - 2
If the stress levels exceed the
Von Mises yield surface at a
particular sub area in a member,
then the whole sub area (sub
element volume) is assumed to
be in a plastic state.
If the stress levels in all subelements at a cross section
exceed the Von Mises yield
surface, a plastic hinge is
formed at this cross section.

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Yield Criterion - 3
Similarly for plates, if the stress exceeds
the Von Mises yield surface at a particular
sub thickness then the whole sub-thickness
layer across the plate element is assumed
to be plastic.

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Material Properties
Material properties include bilinear stress
strain profile including user defined strain
hardening .
Strain hardening ratio = Ep/Ee.

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Analysis Procedure -1
Typical Collapse analysis procedure
begins with the application a load
increment to the structure

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Analysis Procedure -2
Calculate the internal load at each
end of each sub-element for each
member.

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Analysis Procedure - 3
Calculate the axial and shear
stress at each sub-area of each
end of each sub-element.

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Analysis Procedure - 4
Calculate the plasticity by the amount of
strain exceeding Von-Mises stress
envelope. Retain this strain for each sub
area throughout the load sequence for
subsequent loading.
stres
s

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Plastic
strain
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strai
n
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Analysis Procedure - 5
Use elastic stresses to compute selfequilibrating plastic forces on each
sub-area.

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Analysis Procedure - 6
Add plastic forces to the global load
vector and iterate until the
deflections and rotations have
converged at each member end and
also the sub-element ends.
Update the stiffness matrix, apply
the next load increment and repeat
[K] [x] = {F}
the procedure.

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Load Increment Size

Collapse allows user to control load
increment sizes through loading
history.
Large
P
increments in
linear region.
Small
increments in
non-linear
region.
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d
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Limit Point - 1
Global Limit Point indicating overall
structural failure.
Collapse solution
P
will
P
diverge and stop
when
load is increased
beyond
the global limit
point
indicating
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structural failure.

Unstabl
e

Global limit
point
Stable
d

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Limit Point - 2
Local Limit Point
indicates local
structural failure.
Collapse solution
will jump to the
next stable
configuration when
load is increased
beyond the local
limit point.
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Buckling
Global Buckling
Collapse can predict elastic buckling
including full elasto-plastic behavior.
Local Buckling
Four methods available to predict local
buckling
(1) API LRFD
(2) Marshal Gates low limit of critical
strain
(3) API Bulletin 2U
(4) ISO 19902 Section 13
A moment free hinge is inserted at the
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Basic
location of a localCollapse
buckling
point axial

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Joint Flexibility
Joint flexibility is the distortion of chord
cross section due to forces in the brace and
chord. It is particularly important for old
structures where joint cans were not used.
The following three methods are used in
collapse to predict joint flexibility.
(1) Fesslers Approach
(2) Single brace formula by Buitrigo, Healy,
and Chang
(3) MSL Approach
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Ductility Limit
For any sub-element in the
member if the strain exceeds the
defined ductility limit, it is
considered that the member is
fractured.
P

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Ship Impact - 1
Design Criteria - Energy calculation

The total energy is absorbed by

1) vessel hull; 2) structure.

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Ship Impact - 2
Energy absorbed by vessel hull:
Collapse program has DNV curves for
5000 MT ship hull built in.

Energy absorbed by structure:

Estructure = Etotal Ehull
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Ship Impact - 3
Energy absorbed by Structure:
Local deformation of the impacted
member due to denting and beam
bending.
Denting member modeling: 1)
isometric plate elements; 2) tubular
members

Global deformation of the entire

structure.
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Ship Impact - 4
Features in Collapse Program
The automatic unloading part can be
calculated once the maximum impact
energy has been absorbed.
DnV ship indentation curves are inbuilt
into Collapse.
IMPACT line added to Collapse to define
impact load case, point of impact,
impact energy, ship indentation curve
and automatic unloading.
ENERGY line added to automatically
calculate the kinetic energy of a moving
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object

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General Considerations - 1
Iteration Tolerance Levels :
Deflection tolerance : 0.01 cm
(Default), for large structures this
can be increased to 0.1cm
Rotation tolerance : 0.001 RAD
(Default)
Member Deflection Tolerance: 0.01
cm (Default)

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General Considerations - 2
Convergence
Use the continuation option to
continue if the maximum number of
iterations has been exceeded. (pass
local limit point)
Avoid small elements to avoid member
convergence problems.
Avoid very slender elements to reduce
the number of iterations per load
increment.
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Avoid member end releases which may

Collapse Basic
produce a mechanism.

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General Considerations - 3
Load Sequence
Collapse allows up to six load sequences
to be defined each load sequence is
analyzed as an independent analysis.
Collapse only records the last load
sequence for Collapse View.

Pile/Soil foundation
If the analysis includes pile soil
interaction, the soil data used in the
program are from standard T-Z and P-Y
curves.
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General Considerations - 4
Collapse Runtime
Modeling parts of the structure which
have little contribution to overall stiffness
of the structure (boat landings, risers, I
tubes) as dummy structures.
Parts of the structure (deck beams) whose
elasto-plastic behavior is not important
should be kept elastic.
Pre-combining loads where ever possible.
Including strain hardening to improve
solution convergence.
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