N-W.F.P.

University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar

Lecture 04: Bolted Connections

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Topics to be Addressed
Types of connectors
Tightening procedures
Behavior of Bolted & Riveted connections
Types of Bolted connections
Types of connection failures
Code Requirements
Design Examples
CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
Components which make up the
complete structure are fastened together
by means of:
1. RIVETS (older version)
2. BOLTS (newer version)
3. WELDS

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:
They are made from rivet bar stock in a
machine which forms one head and shears
the rivet to desired length.
Steel rivets are always heated before driving
Most rivets are driven by pressure-type
riveters which complete riveting in one stroke.

Typical Round Head Rivet

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:
Rivets are generally made from steel
conforming to ASTM A502 and comes in 2
grades:
i.

Grade 1(carbon steel)

ii.

Grade 2 (carbon-manganese steel)

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:

Round Head Rivet

CE-409: Lecture 04

Countersunk Rivet

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Riveting processes

Rivet Heating Oven

CE-409: Lecture 04

Rivet Heater

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Riveting processes

Earlier Riveting Gun

CE-409: Lecture 04

Modern Riveting Gun

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Characteristics of riveted connections
In riveted connections magnitude of
clamping is function of length of rivet
and magnitude of shrinkage after the
head is formed.
Magnitude of slip depends on the
extent to which rivet fills the hole.

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Causes of rivet obsolescence
( Structural Non Usage Rivets )
Riveting required a crew of 4 to 5
experienced riveters
Bolt installation is less labor intensive
Riveting is time consuming operation
requiring preheating, driving and finishing

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Causes of rivet obsolescence
Rivet strength is low compared to high
strength bolts
High strength bolts are now economical
Riveting is still used in some industries and
applications such as aircraft industry

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Connectors
2. Bolts: Two common types of bolts are:
a) Unfinished (A307)
A307 is known by names unfinished, rough,
common, ordinary and machine.
They are made of low carbon steel having
tensile strength of 60Ksi.

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Connections
2. Bolts: Two common types of bolts are:
b) High strength bolt (A325,A449,A490).
A325 is made of medium carbon steel whose
tensile strength decreases with increase in dia.
High strength bolts can be tightened to large
tensions.

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Connections
2. Bolts:

Typical High Strength Bolt

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Tightening procedures
Research Council on Structural
Connections (RCSC) prescribes four
tightening procedures.
1.Turn of the nut method
2.Calibrated-wrench tightening
3.Installation of alternate design bolts
4.Direct-tension-indicator tightening
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Tightening procedures

Torque Wrench
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Tightening procedures

Positive Tension Shear Bolt

Bolt Installation Procedure

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Tightening procedures

Direct Tension Indicating Washers

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Behavior of Bolted & Riveted

connections
T

T = Tensile Force on
Connection
= Joint Displacement

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Behavior of Bolted & Riveted

connections
T

T = Tensile Force on
Connection
= Joint Displacement

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Bolted connection

1. Slip-Critical connections
Connection

transmits the force by friction

produced between the faying surfaces by
the clamping action of the bolts.

Slip-critical

connections are recommended

for joints subjected to stress reversal,
severe stress fluctuation, impact, vibration
or where slip is objectionable

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Bolted connection

1. Slip-Critical connections
The clamping force applied to the bolt brings the two members close
enough so that appreciable friction is produced between them which
is then responsible for resisting the load. The more the clamping
force the more is the friction and strong is the connection but the
clamping force need not to be greater than tensile strength of the
bolt.

Slip critical connection becomes bearing type connection after the

slip occurs so every slip critical connection is essentially a bearing
type connection also.
CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Bolted connection

2. Bearing type connections
Load is transferred by shearing and
bearing on the bolt.
Capacity in shear depends on whether
shear plane intersects the body of bolt
or threaded portion.

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Types of Bolted connection

2. Bearing type connections

Bearing type connection is the most widely used general type

connection in which the load is resisted by the bolt body without
any friction between faying surfaces.

CE-409: Lecture 04

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Type of connection Failures

1. Shearing Failure of Bolts.
2. Bearing Failure of plate.
3. Tearing failure at edge of plate.

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Type of connection Failures

1. Shearing failure of bolts

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Type of connection Failures

1. Shearing failure of bolts

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Type of connection Failures

2. Bearing Failure of Plate

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Type of connection Failures

Shear & Bearing Area

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Type of connection Failures

3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

Shearing Failure edge of plate

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Transverse Tension Failure

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Type of connection Failures

3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate
Tests showed, failure by tearing through free edge of material
will not occur if Le measured parallel to line of applied force is
not less diameter of bolt multiplied by ratio of bearing stress
to tensile strength of connected part.

CE-409: Lecture 04

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Type of connection Failures

3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

Force transmitted by the bolt

P = fp D t ------------------------(A)
Force to cause failure along two shear planes
P = 2(Le D / 2 ) t u
u = 0.7 Fu
P = 1.4DtFu(Le/D 1/2) -----(B)
Equating (A) & (B)
CE-409: Lecture 04

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Type of connection Failures

3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

------- (C)

Eqn (C) can be approximated as

So Eqn
becomes

CE-409: Lecture 04

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Type of connection Failures

3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

LRFD

ASD

Tearing length or

Edge distance

= 0.75

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

With FOS= 2

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Type of connection Failures

3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

LRFD

ASD
Spacing between holes

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Type of connection Failures

Eccentricity of Applied Force

Plates of lap joint tends to bend.

Bending produces non uniform bearing of

the fastener on the plates

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Code Requirements
Topic

Ref. Text Book

Ref. LRFD Code

Minimum edge Distance

Table 2-8

Table J3.4

Allowable Working Stress on

Fasteners or Connected
Material

Table 2-9

Allowable Load for SlipCritical Connections

Table 2-10

Allowable Stresses A502

Rivets

Table 2-12

Design Strength of Fasteners Table 2-13

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Table J3.6

Table J3.2

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Code Requirements

AISC Minimum Edge Distance

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Code Requirements

Minimum installation tension

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Code Requirements
Allowable Stresses

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Code Requirements

Properties of structural bolts

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Code Requirements

Allowable load for Slip critical connection

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Code Requirements

Design strength of fasteners

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Design Example No.1 (ASD Method)

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Design Example No.1 (ASD Method)

CE-409: Lecture 04

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Design Example No.1 (ASD Method)

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Design Example No.1 (ASD Method)

CE-409: Lecture 04

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Design Example No.1 (LRFD Method)

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Design Example No.1 (LRFD Method)

CE-409: Lecture 04

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

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Design Example No.1 (LRFD Method)

CE-409: Lecture 04

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Design Example No.1 (LRFD Method)

CE-409: Lecture 04

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Design Example No.2 (LRFD Method)

W = 10 in
t = .25in

CE-409: Lecture 04

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Design Example No.2 (LRFD Method)

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Design Example No.2 (LRFD Method)

Fub

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Design Example No.2 (LRFD Method)

2
6

P = 77 Kips

2
2

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Thanks

CE-409: Lecture 04

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