Department of Civil Engineering

Polytechnic Port Dickson

CC603
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Nawawi Jalil, Azizah Tukiman, Marlya Dahuri, Ahmad Zaidi
Mispan

TOPIC : 3
SITE SUPERVISION AND ORGANISATION
1

SYLLABUS:
3.1 UNDERSTAND THE SITE PLANNING & PROGRESS CHART
3.1.1Demonstrate the usage of the bar chart & gantt chart.
3.1.2 Indicate the arrow method in site planning.
3.1.3 Demonstrate the critical path method.
3.2 KNOW THE DUTIES OF TECHNICIAN & ASSISTANT ENGINEER
3.2.1 Show the duty of a technician or a site supervisor
3.2.2 Relate the duty of a technician with an assistant engineer.
3.2.3 Prepare a site diary.
3.3 KNOW THE PLANKING & STRUTTING FOR SHALLOW
EXCAVATION
3.3.1 Define, describe techniques and state the safety precaution for;
a. Good slope
b. Moderately firm ground
c. Loose soil

SYLLABUS:
3.4 KNOW THE TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING IN CONSTRUCTION
3.4.1 Compare, describe the techniques and state the safety precaution for;
a. Steps scaffolding
b. Bracket/birdcage scaffolding
c. Single scaffolding
d. Couple scaffolding
e. Cantilever scaffolding
f. Hanging/ suspended scaffolding
3.5 KNOW THE TYPES OF STRUT IN CONSTRUCTION
3.5.1 Apply, describe the techniques and state the safety precautions for:
a. Raking strut
b. Horizontal strut
c. Vertical/ dead strut.
3.6 UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION OF FORMWORK
3.6.1 Illustrate the technique to shoring the formwork.

3.1.1Demonstrate the usage of the bar chart & gantt chart.

Develop by Henry Gantt.

Definitions
A graphical description of the project consisting
of well-defined collection of tasks.

Activity
An activity is a task or closely related group of
tasks whose performance contributes to the
completion of the overall project. Excavate
Foundation.

Bar Charts are the easiest and most widely used

form of scheduling in construction management
Even with other scheduling techniques the
eventual schedule is presented the form of a bar
chart
A typical Bar chart is a list of activities with the
start, duration and finish of each activity shown as
a bar plotted to a time scale
The level of detail of the activities depends on the
intended use of the schedule.

Bar Charts are the easiest and most widely used form
of scheduling in construction management
Even with other scheduling techniques the eventual
schedule is presented the form of a bar chart
A typical Bar chart is a list of activities with the start,
duration and finish of each activity shown as a bar
plotted to a time scale
The level of detail of the activities depends on the
intended use of the schedule.

When to Use Bar Charts/Gantt Charts??

When scheduling and monitoring tasks within a
project.
When communicating plans or status of a
project.
When the steps of the project or process, their
sequence and their duration are known.
When its not necessary to show which tasks
depend on completion of previous tasks.

Advantages& Disadvantages Bar Charts/Gantt Charts??

Advantages
Easy to prepare
Easily understood by all parties
It shows the total plan in impact form.
Good communication tool
Disadvantages
Do not show interrelationships between activities
Managing projects becomes difficult without those
relationships between activities
It is difficult to judge the impact of an unexpected event
on the rest of the construction process

3.1.2 Indicate the arrow method in site

planning.
An arrow diagramming method (ADM) is a
network diagramming technique in which
activities are represented by arrows.
It is used for scheduling activities in a project
plan.
The precedence relation between activities is
represented by circles connecting to one or more
arrows. The length of the arrow represents the
duration of the relevant activity.

3.1.3 Demonstrate the Critical path

method (CPM)
Critical Path Method is a network method. In CPM
the project is analysed into different activities
whose relationships are shown on the network
diagram.
The limitations of the bar charts can be over
come with the Critical Path Method. CPM is
widely used in construction industry by a number
of private and public organisations.

Indicated as Network Diagrams:

Any schematic display of the logical relationship
of project activities.
Always drawn from left to right to reflect project
chronology.
Usually a combination of arrows and nodes.
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Two types of Critical Path Method :

Arrow Diagram (Activity-on-arrow diagram) AOA

Node Diagram / Precedence Diagram (Activity-onnode diagram)- AON

B
(3)
A
(3)

C
(4)

E
(5)

D
(6)
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Arrow Diagrams
Activities shown by Arrows. Relationship between activities
shown by nodes / events.
Length of arrows does not obey any scale.
Start-to-finish relationships.
Dummies.
Numbering of nodes / events.
Milestones

12

Node Diagrams
Activities shown by Nodes, relationship between
activities shown by arrows or links.
Easier to construct.
Generally no need of dummies. Instead dummies
used only to give single start or finish.
CPM Calculations similar to Arrow diagrams.
B
(3)
A
(3)

C
(4)

E
(5)

D
(6)

13

3.20: Know the duties of a technician and

assistant engineer

The duty of a
technician or a
site supervisor :
> Supervising
construction sites
> Look after the
welfare of employees
> Ensure that the
materials in good
condition
(cement, bricks
and others)

The duties of an assistant

engineer:
> Translate drawings and
ensure that work on
construction sites in
accordance with the drawings
> Solve the problems /
confusion about the drawing
by the main contractor and
sub contractors
> Doing as directed by the
construction manager

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3.2.3 PREPARE A SITE DIARY

A Site Diary is a document of "first record

A formal record of the progress of the works
including any events which may have affected
the progress and quality of the finished worked.
This document usually includes:
> The date and weather conditions
> The numbers of workers in various trade
> Materials delivered to the site, the quality
used an retained
> Items of plant on site, working or idling,
including reasons for being idle
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This document usually includes (contd):

> Any correcting activities, the location and quantity of
the mixes poured.
> A brief description of the completed work with the
approximate amount done
> Any work carried out in connection with the utility
service
> Instruction issued to the contractor
Having checked and agreed on all informations which is
entered by the site foremen or the inspector, the site
agent who is the contractors representative, will sign
the site diary.

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3.30: Planking and strutting for shallow

excavation

Before a foundation or pipes or any other

services can be laid, it is necessary to
excavate a trench of the required depth
and width.
This can be carried out either by hand or
mechanical trench digger if it is of a large
works.
These trenches can either be of vertical
sides which usually require strutting from
side to side, or battered sides which
requires no support.
This planking and strutting commonly
known as timbering are are used to give
temporary support to the sides of
trenches from collapse.
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3.30: Planking and strutting for shallow

excavation
This sides of some excavations will be
need support to:- Protect the operative while working in
the
excavation
- Keep the excavation open by acting
as a
retaining wall to the sides of the
trench
Depth as
Excavations may be classified
shallow,
medium or deep
the
Shallow
Up toin
1.5
m
following
manner:- 1.5 to 3.0 m
Medium

Deep

Over 3.0 m
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3.30: Planking and strutting for shallow

excavation
Planning before digging :
Planning reduces the chance that
something
will go wrong when you start a job. Consider
the following before you start excavating:
Debris near the excavation site that could
create a hazard
How employees will get in and out of the
excavation
How to protect people from falling into
the excavation
How to respond to emergencies

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3.30 : Planking and strutting for shallow

excavation
Location of overhead power lines and
underground utility lines
Possibility of atmospheric hazards in
the excavation
Possibility of water in the excavation
Stability of soil at the excavation site
Stability of structures adjacent to the
excavation site
Vehicles and other mobile equipment
that will operate near the excavation
Weather conditions

20

SOIL CATEGORIES - THREE MAIN TYPES

Stiff and Firm Soils

solid soils with substantial cohesion and no
water table present (good clay, stiff clay till, medium till).
Soils likely to crack or crumble
soils that can be excavated by hand tools, show signs of cracking after
excavating, and possess a low medium moisture content (heavily seamed
silty clays, compacted clayey fill, and mixtures of clays and silts).
Soft and loose soils
soils easily excavated by hand with little or no cohesion (i.e. sand,
gravel, silt, organic soil, soft and wet clay and loose fill).

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Excavation in Firm Ground

The method of timbering a trench in
firm ground, in which case short
deal and batten "ends," varying from
1 by 4 1/2 inches to 1 1/2 by 9
inches, and about 3 feet long,

, called Politics or Poling Boards, are placed in pairs opposite

one another against either side of the trench, and are held in
position by means of struts.
These struts, which are usually short lengths of 4 inches
diameter scaffold poles, or 4 by 4-inch squared timbers, and cut
about inch longer than the clear distance between a pair of
poling boards, are fixed in position in the following manner:
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These struts, which are usually short lengths of 4

inches diameter scaffold poles, or 4 by 4-inch
squared timbers, and cut about inch longer than
the clear distance between a pair of poling
boards, are fixed in position in the following
manner:

One end of the strut is placed against the middle of one poling
board, and the other end is swung vertically downwards against the
opposite poling board, and forced tightly against it by means of a
few downward taps with a mallet.
The struts should not be closer together than 6 feet, otherwise they
will prove a considerable inconvenience to the workmen in the
trenches
23

Excavations In

Loose

Soil

Should

the looseness of the

soil necessitate supports
being fixed at closer intervals
than 6 feet the system of
timbering
In this case it will be noted
that the poling boards are
supported by long horizontal
members about 6 by 4 inches,
called Walings or Waling
Pieces, which in turn are
supported by struts at
intervals of 6 feet.
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3.4 Know the types of scaffolding in

construction
Scaffolding

is a temporary
platform constructed for
reaching heights above
arms' reach for the
purpose of building
construction,
maintenance, or repair
Scaffolding is generally
made of lumber and steel
and can range from simple
to complex in design,
depending on its use and
purpose.

25

Millions of construction
workers, painters, and building
maintenance crews work on
scaffolding every day, and due
to the nature of its use,
scaffolding must be properly
constructed and used to ensure
the safety of those who use it.

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FUNCTION

As a working platform:
- so that the worker can stand on the
platform
do the work easily & safely

As a platform for placing material & logistic

needed by the workers to carry out their job

As a platform and walking passage:

- scaffolding support the platform that been
used by the worker as their walking path to
transport the material & logistic

27

Factor considered during design stage

Among the factors need to be
considered during the design
process of scaffold are as
follows:
a) Easier to be erected
b) Strong
c) Light / Not heavy
d) Safe
e) Suitable
f) Passage Link / Passage
connecting to other places
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i. Steps Scaffolding

This scaffold is the most useful ascending aid for activities

involving frequent ascent/descent and transport of loads.

Slanting steps reaching from platform to platform with 100

mm deep steps can safely and comfortably be traversed
forwards and backwards.

Stairway rails add to the all round safety.

No tools required, spacing of platforms by every two meters

ease assembling or dismantling of the tower.

200 mm dia swivel castors with locking device and height

adjusters to cope with uneven surfaces for ease of mobility
and handling.

All individual parts are separately available as apares or

extension parts.

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30

ii. Birdcage scaffolding

A birdcage scaffold consists of a mass of

standards arranged at regular intervals in
parallel lines, usually evenly spaced apart.

These standards are laced together with a

grid of ledgers and transoms at every lift
height.

The top lift is boarded to form the access

platform for work on ceilings and soffits,
e.g. fix lighting, ventilation or sprinklers
over an inside area.

The side bays of the birdcage may also be

required to form a normal access scaffold to
the walls supporting the soffit.

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iii. Putlog/Single Scaffolding

It

or

consists of a single row of uprights

standards set away from the wall at a

distance that will accommodate the

required width of the working
platform.
The standards are joined together
with
horizontal members called ledgers
The ledgers are tied to the building
with
cross members called putlog.
It is erected as the building rises &
mostly used for buildings of
traditional
brick construction.
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A putlog scaffold consists of a single

row of standards, parallel to the face
of the building and set as far away
from it as is necessary to
accommodate a platform of four or
five boards wide, with the inner
edge of the platform as close to the
wall as is practicable.
The standards are connected by a
ledger fixed with right angle
couplers and the putlogs are fixed to
the ledgers using putlog couplers.
The blade end of the putlog tube (or
putlog adaptor) is normally placed
horizontally on the brickwork being
built, taking care to use the
maximum bearing area.

Putlog Scaffold tied into the

brickwork using putlogs or
tubes with putlog adaptors

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iv. Cantilever Scaffolding

A cantilever scaffold is a scaffold that is

supported by cantilevered load-bearing
members.

Needles should be secured by through bolting,

anchoring, or propping between the needle
and the floor above.

Where possible the inboard part of the needle

should be at least 3 times the outboard length.

The base of the scaffold should be tied to the

needle as close as practical to the locating
Uhead jack.

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All practicable steps need to be taken to

protect the area below the cantilever during
the erection and dismantling process.
Additional precautions such as full planking
and plying the base lift of the scaffold,
kickboards and screening should be used to
prevent the dislodgement of materials from
the working platforms.

35

Cantilevered scaffold using a

beam arrangement

Cantilevered scaffold use of

propping tower for weight
transference
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v. Hanging/Suspended Scaffolding.

A suspended scaffold incorporates a suspended

platform that is capable of being raised or
lowered when in use.
An example of a suspended scaffold is a swing
stage scaffold.
These types of scaffolds are commonly
associated with the types window washers
Hanging scaffolds are classified as a special duty
scaffold and should be designed and notified as
such.
Hanging scaffold foundations are opposite to
that of a standing scaffold.
Particular attention must be paid to whether the
structure the hanging scaffold is to be attached to
is able to support the hanging scaffold and its
intended loads.

37

3.50 : Know the types of strut in constructio n

What is shoring

It is the method of providing temporary support

(shores) to an unsafe structure.

Types of Shoring Horizontal shoring or flying shoring

Vertical shoring or dead shoring Inclined Shoring or
flying shoring

The art of shoring comprises the temporary support of

buildings, and may become necessary because of the
failure or settlement of some portion of the structure or
for the purpose of upholding the upper portion while
alterations are being made in the lower.

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Shoring Material

There are several different forms of

shoring, each adapted to suit peculiar
circumstances.

Much of the shoring for ordinary

cases is done with heavy, roughly
sawn timbers strongly braced
together, but for especially heavy
work steel members may be
introduced and prove of great value.

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i. Raking Shore
The most general shoring is the
raking shore.
It consists of one or more timbers
sloping
from the face of the structure to
be
supported and bedded upon the
ground.
As the ground is usually of a more
or less
yielding nature, a stout timber
plate termed a sole-piece, of
sufficient area to withstand being
driven into the soil, is placed to
receive the base of the raking timber
or timbers.

40

A wall-plate, with the object of

increasing the area of support, is fixed to
the face of the wall by means of hooks
driven into the wall.
Where space is available, an angle of 60
is the best to adopt for the main shore,
the auxiliary members ranging in their
slope from 45 to 75.
In many cases, especially in towns, the
angle of slope is governed by outside
influences such as the width of the
footway.

41

ii. Flying Shores

It is a system of providing temporary

supports to the party walls of the two
buildings where the intermediate building
is to be pulled down and rebuilt.
All types of arrangements of supporting

the unsafe structure in which the shores

do not reach the ground come under
this
category.
They flying shore consists of wall plates,

needles, cleats, horizontal struts

(commonly known as horizontal shores)
and inclined struts arranged in different
forms which varies with the situation.

42

In this system also the wall plates are

placed against the wall and secured to
it.
A horizontal strut is placed between
the wall plates and is supported by a
system of needle and cleats.
The inclined struts are supported by
the needle at their top and by straining
pieces at their feet.
The straining piece is also known as
straining sill and is spiked to the
horizontal shore.

43

ii. Horizontal Strut

The

straining piece is also

known as straining sill and is
spiked to the horizontal shore.
The width of straining piece is
the same as that of the strut.
When the distance between the
walls (to be strutted apart) is
considerable, a horizontal shore
can not be safe and a trussed
framework of members is
necessary to perform the
function of flying shore.
44

iii. Dead or Needle Shoring

Dead or needle shoring, often more
simply referred to as propping, is
used for supporting existing walls,
floors and roofing whilst works are
carried out to form openings or
remove walls at lower level.
Steel or timber uprights are provided
to support loads from a structure,
normally in association with wedges
or head and sole plates to distribute
stresses over larger areas.

45

When opening in the wall are to be made,

holes are cut in the wall at such a height as
to allow sufficient space for insertion of
the beam or girder that will be provided
permanently to carry the weight of the
structure above.
Distance at which the holes are cut
depends upon the type of masonry and it
varies from 1.2m to 1.8m centre.
Beams called needles are placed in the
holes and are supported by vertical props
called dead shores at their ends on either
side of the wall.
The needles may be of timber or steel and
are of sufficient section to carry the load
above.

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