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Digital Image Forgery

Detection

Presentation Division

Digital Image Forgery Detection

Alteration

of the semantic components of a digital

image.
Removing
Adding

Types

Contents from the image

Data to the image

of Forgery

Image

Retouching

Image

Splicing (Copy-Paste)

Image

Cloning (Copy-Move)
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Image Retouching

One of the oldest types of image forgery

Image features are tampered with.

Used to enhance or reduce digital image features.

Considered less dangerous type of image forgery.

Image Splicing (Copy-Paste)

Fragments of 2 or more images are combined to form an image.

This operation is fundamental in digital photo montaging and in turn is a

mechanism for image forgery creation.

Image splicing technique may change the visual message of digital images
more aggressively than image retouching.

Image Cloning (Copy-Move)

Considered as a special case of image splicing, where the tampering occurs

within a single image and no need for multiple images.

Part of the image is copied and then pasted in a desired location within the
same image.

The purpose of such tampering is to duplicate or conceal a certain object in

that image.

Image Cloning

Blurring is usually used to reduce the expected irregularity along the border
of the pasted regions.

The similarity of texture, color, noise and other information inside the image
make it very difficult to detect this kind of tampering via visual inspection.

Moreover, performing of post-processing operations such as blurring, adding

noise and JPEG compression or geometric operations such as scaling, shifting
and rotation increase the hardness of detection task.

Forgery Detection Mechanisms

Can be Classified into Two Types

Active Methods

Passive Methods

Active Methods

Hidden Information inside the Digital Image.

Done at the time of Data Acquisition or before disseminated

to the public.

Embedded information can be used to identify the source of

such image or to detect possible modification to that image.

Forgery Detection Mechanisms

(Active Methods)

Two Major Types

Digital Signature

Digital Watermarking

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Forgery Detection Mechanisms

(Passive Methods)

Use traces left by the processing steps in different phases of acquisition and
storage of digital images.

These traces can be treated as a fingerprint of the image source device.

Passive methods work in the absence of protecting techniques.

They do not use any pre-image distribution information inserted into digital
image.

They work by analyzing the binary information of digital image in order to

detect forgery traces, if any

Limitation is the number of false positives.

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for Rotated

Images

Paper addresses the detection of copy-move(cloning) technique

As discussed before cloning detection becomes harder when the forger uses
geometric alterations like scaling, rotation & shifting.

Particularly addresses the Rotation transformation.

This paper proposes a novel blind image rotation detection algorithm with
high precision rotation angle estimation

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for Rotated

Images

I= Original image
I=Intermediate Image
I= Rotated Image

S, t=pixel coordinates in the rotated image I.

= weighted value.
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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for Rotated

Images

R and S are constant(translation)

= horizontal distance rotated image I & intermediate image I

= vertical distance.

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for Rotated

Images

For a single pixel, we have:

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for Rotated

Images

Plot of horizontal distance vector and

its spectrum at

Plot of peak frequency of distance vector

against all . Frequency is normalized to.
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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for Rotated

Images

Algorithm of the approach

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for

Rotated Images
Resolution

Total Images

Correct Images

Correct Rate

500

486

97.2%

500

480

96.0%

500

471

94.2%

500

459

91.8%

500

438

87.6%

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for Rotated

Images

Experiment
results. 1st column: three images rotated at respectively; 2nd column: theoretical

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pixel variance spectrum for the rotated images; 3rd column: actual pixel variance spectrum
for
the rotated images.

High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for Rotated

Images

Conclusion

In this paper, propose a blind image rotation angle estimation

method is proposed by exploring the periodicity of pixel variance
of rotated images.

Experiment results show that this method works well for rotation
angles larger than , but not as good for smaller rotation angles.

The method can be used in areas like copy-paste image forgery

detection. In the future, the author plans to modify the algorithm
to improve the correct rate of small rotation angle estimation.

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Region Duplication Forgery Detection

using Hybrid Wavelet Transforms

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Region Duplication Forgery Detection using Hybrid

Wavelet Transforms

Discrete Cosine Transforms

Starts by dividing the MN suspicious image into small overlapping blocks.

This step is achieved by sliding a window of size BB from the upper left
corner to the lower right corner one pixel each time.

The quantized DCT coefficients are extracted from each block and used to
represent the features of these blocks.

The quantized DCT coefficients are stored as one row in a matrix A of (M-B+1)
(N-B+1) rows and B B columns, where B B is the block size.

Two identical rows in the matrix A, correspond to two identical blocks in the
suspicious image.
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Region Duplication Forgery Detection

using Hybrid Wavelet Transforms
Hadamard Walsh Transforms

The Product of a Boolean Function and a Walsh Matrix is a Walsh Spectrum

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Region Duplication Forgery Detection

using Hybrid Wavelet Transforms

Example of Copy-Move Forgery, (a) Original Image (b) Forged Image

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Thank you

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