PNGE 220

RESERVOIR ROCK PROPERTIES

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
FALL 2015 2016
Dr. Mahmut Parlaktuna
mahmut@metu.edu.tr

ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
- Organic Theory:
- Hydrocarbons are products of altered
organic material derived from microscopic
plant and animal life.
- Microscopic plants and animals are carried
in great volume by streams and rivers to
the sea, where they are deposited under
deltaic or marine conditions with finally
divided clastic sediments (SOURCE ROCK)

Oil Migration

The Rock Cycle

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTS
- Classification based on the way formation:
- Clastic sediments: Klastos

Broken

- Clastic sediments are composed broken-up

fragments of preexisting rocks and fragments

- Chemical sediments:
- Chemical sediments are those precipitated from
solution

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTS

CLASTIC/DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

(Wentworth scale)

CLASTIC/DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Unconsolidated

Consolidated

Gravel

Conglomerate

Sand

Sandstone

Silt

Siltstone

Mud

Shale,

mudstone

Sediment Transport and Deposition

Glaciers (particles of any size)

Wind (air) (sand sized and smaller)
Waves/marine currents (sand/gravel)
Running water (sand/gravel)

Sediment Transport and Deposition

Rounding:
- Abrasion: Mechanical wearing of particles.

Sediment Transport and Deposition

Sorting
- Energy of transportation system

Sedimentary Environment

Any geographical area inwhich sediment is deposited is

Sedimentary Environment

LITHIFICATION
All the processes of transforming sediments into sedimentary rock

- Compaction
Reduction in volume
due to weigth of
overburden.

Cementation
Common Cements
CaCO3
SiO2
Fe2O3
FeO(OH)

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Conglomerate and Breccia

Conglomerate and Breccia

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

Conglomerate and Breccia

Sand/Sandstone

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

Sand/Sandstone

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

Silt/Siltstone

Mudstone

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

Shale

Oil shale

significant amounts of organic material in the form of kerogen; up to 1/3 of the rock
can be solid organic material
Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons can be extracted from the oil shale but the rock
must be heated and/or treated with solvents

Mudstone

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL SED. ROCKS

Precipitation of dissolved material:

- by inorganic processes or organic processes
- by the activities of the organisms.
Crystalline texture: mosaic of interlocking of mineral crystals.

Biochemical sedimentary rocks

-

By the activities of the organisms

Clastic texture

Limestones and Dolostones (Carbonates)

(Ca, Mg) CO3

Oolithic limestone
Fossilifereous limestone
(corals, foraminifera, algea, snails... )
Coquina

Coal

Coal (from the Old English term col, which

has meant "mineral of fossilized carbon"
since the 13th century) is a combustible
black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
usually occurring in rock strata in layers or
veins called coal beds or coal seams.
A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead plant
matter is converted into peat, which in turn
is converted into lignite, then subbituminous coal, after that bituminous coal,
and lastly anthracite.
Coal (peat=>lignite=>Bituminous Coal => Anthracite)
i.e. ncreasing C and decreasing H, O, N and S)

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

Coal

http://www.earthscienceeducation.com/Scottish%20Virtual%20Activities/scottish_virtual_rock_kit/fish_HS.htm

Evaporites
Evaporites are
sediments chemically
precipitated due to
evaporation of an
aqueous solution.
Common evaporates
can be dominated by
halite (salt), anhydrite
and gypsum.
Evaporites may be
marine or non-marine .

Evaporites

Rocksalt (NaCl)
Anhydrite (CaSO4)
Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
Chert (Amorphous Si)

Evaporites

Anhydrite (CaSO4)
Rocksalt

Golden gypsum
(CaSO4 2H2O)

Environmental Analysis

Sedimentary Structures
Fossils
Environment of Deposition

Environmental Analysis
Sedimentary Structures
Strata/bed: a package of sediment deposited in a
single depositional event. They are separated from
other beds by bedding planes and are
distingusihed from other beds by colour,
composition, gain size etc.
Graded Bedding: decrease of grain size from bottom
to top as an indication of decrease of energy of the
trasportation medium

Wedge bedding.

http://acad.depauw.edu/~tcope/SedStruct.html

Channelized bedding

http://acad.depauw.edu/~tcope/SedStruct/HiRes/ChannelScour.jpg

Graded Bedding

http://acad.depauw.edu/~tcope/SedStruct/HiRes/GradedImbricated.jpg

Cross bedding
The layers are arranged inclined to the surface
onwhich they are deposited.

 Sedimentary Structures
Fossils
Environment of Deposition

Fossils

35 Ma

Acer lesquereuxi_Eocene _45 million years

Environment of Deposition

Sediments and Natural Resources

Iron ore (Fe2O3) (Hematite)
Fe3O4 (magnetite)
Limestone
Coke from bituminous coal

Banded iron formations

Oil and Gas

Oil & Gas associated with salt