Power Electronics: AC To DC Converters (Rectifiers)

Power Electronics
Chapter 3
AC to DC Converters
(Rectifiers)
Power Electronics
Outline
3.1 Single-phase controlled rectifier
3.2 Three-phase controlled rectifier
3.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on
rectifier circuits
3.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifier
3.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits
3.6 High power controlled rectifier
3.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifier circuit
3.8 Realization of phase-control in rectifier circuits
Power Electronics
3.1 Single-phase controlled

(controllable) rectifier
3.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier
3.1.2 Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
3.1.3 Single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier
3.1.4 Single-phase bridge half-controlled rectifier
Power Electronics
3.1.1 Single-phase half-wave

controlled rectifier
u2
Resistive load
b)
0
ug
V T
T
u1
uVT
u2
c)
id
ud
t1
0
ud
d)
uVT
a)
1
Ud
2
2U 2 sin td (t )
e)
2U 2
1 cos
(1 cos ) 0.45U 2
2
2
(3-1)
Half-wave, single-pulse
Triggering delay angle, delay angle, firing angle
Power Electronics
3.1.1 Single-phase half-wave

Inductive (resistor-inductor) load
u2
VT
T
a)
u1
id
b)
t1
ug
uVT
u2
c)
ud
0
ud
+
d)
id
e)
0
uVT
f)
Power Electronics
Basic thought process of time-domain

analysis for power electronic circuits
The time-domain behavior of a power electronic
circuit is actually the combination of consecutive
transients of the different linear circuits when the
power semiconductor devices are in different states.
VT
VT
L
u2
L
u2
R
R
b)
a)
did
L
Rid
dt
2U 2 sin t
(3-2)
t = id= 0
R
(t )
2U 2
2U 2
id
sin( )e L
sin(t )
Z
Z
(3-3)
6
Power Electronics
Single-phase half-wave controlled

rectifier with freewheeling diode
u
Inductive load (L is large enough)

VT
a) u 1
u2
i VDR
I VDR
c)
(3-5)
(3-6)

I d (3-7)
2

I d2 d (t )
Id
2
(3-8)
t
Id
d)
O
iV T
I d2 d (t )
t1
O
id
ud

I dVT
Id
2

I dVDR
Id
2
1
2
O
ud
L
VDR
I VT
b)
id
u VT
e)
iV
O
D
t
Id
-
f)
u
O
V T
g)
Maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage

Disadvantages:
Only single pulse in one line cycle
DC component in the transformer current
Resistive load
ud
id
T
u1
VT 3
i2
VT 1
b)
id
uVT
ud
u2
c)
VT4
b
VT2
Power Electronics
3.1.2 Single-phase bridge

fully-controlled rectifier
u d(id)

1 ,4
0
i2
d)
a)
For thyristor: maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse

voltage
Advantages:
2 pulses in one line cycle
No DC component in the transformer current
8
Power Electronics
3.1.2 Single-phase bridge fullycontrolled rectifier

Resistive load
Average output (rectified) voltage
1
2 2U 2 1 cos
1 cos
U d 2U 2 sin td(t )
0.9U 2

2
2
(3-9)
U
2 2U 2 1 cos
U 1 cos
Average
current
I d d output
0.9 2
1
U 2 1 cos
I
0
.
45
dVT thyristor
d
For
2
R
2
1
2
I VT
2U 2
U
sin t ) 2 d (t ) 2
R
2R
1

sin 2
2
For
transformer
U
1 2U 2
II
(
sin t ) 2 d (t ) 2
2
1

sin 2
2
(3-10)
(3-11)
(3-12)
(3-13)9
T
u
id
O
Id
id
a
u
L
d
iV
1 ,4
iV
2 ,3
O
V T
Id
Id
O
i2
R
VT4
VT3
i2
VT1
Inductive load
(L is large enough)
VT2
Power Electronics

Id
Ud
Id
t
b )
1
2 2
2
U
sin
t
d
(
t
)
U 2 cos 0.9U 2 cos

2
Commutation
Thyristor voltages and currents
Transformer current
1 ,4
a)
(3-15)
10
Power Electronics
Electro-motive-force (EMF) load

With resistor
id
ud
E
R
ud
E
id
Id
O
a)
b)
Discontinuous current id
11
Power Electronics
Electro-motive-force (EMF) load

With resistor and inductor
When L is large enough, the output voltage and
current waveforms are the same as ordinary
inductive load.
When L is at a critical value
ud
id
O
2 2U 2
3 U 2
L
2.87 10
I dmin
I dmin
(317)
12
Power Electronics
3.1.3 Single-phase full-wave

i1
u1
VT
u2
u 2 VT
ud
ud
O
i1
a)
b)
Transformer with center tap

Comparison with single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
13
u2
VT 2
ud
VD4
O
ud
id
VDR
i2
VT 1
b)
VD3
Power Electronics

half-controlled rectifier
O
id
i V TO
iV D1
Id
i V TO
iV D
Id
i V DO
O
i2
O
Half-control
Comparison with fully-controlled rectifier
Additional freewheeling diode
Id
Id
Id
t
t
Id
14
VD3
VT1
lo a d
VD4
u2
VT2
Power Electronics
Another single-phase bridge

half-controlled rectifier
Comparison with previous circuit:

No need for additional freewheeling diode
Isolation is necessary between the drive circuits of the two
thyristors
15
Power Electronics
Summary of some important

points in analysis
When analyzing a thyristor circuit, start from a diode
circuit with the same topology. The behavior of the
diode circuit is exactly the same as the thyristor circuit
when firing angle is 0.
A power electronic circuit can be considered as
different linear circuits when the power semiconductor
devices are in different states. The time-domain
behavior of the power electronic circuit is actually the
combination of consecutive transients of the different
linear circuits.
Take different principle when dealing with different load
For resistive load: current waveform of a resistor is the same
as the voltage waveform
For inductive load with a large inductor: the inductor current
can be considered constant
16
Power Electronics
3.2 Three-phase controlled

(controllable) rectifier
3.2.1 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier
(the basic circuit among three-phase rectifiers)
3.2.2 Three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
(the most widely used circuit among three-phase
rectifiers)
17
Power Electronics
3.2.1 Three-phase half-wave

Resistive load, = 0
u2
O t1
ud
R
ua
ub
t2
uc
t3
VT
uG
VT
VT
O
ud
O
iVT
O
uVT
id
Common-cathode connection
Natural commutation point
uab
uac
18
Power Electronics
Resistive load, = 30
u2
ua
ub
uc
VT
ud
R
VT
VT
uG
O
ud
O
iVT
t1
id
O
uVT u
1 ac
uab
uac
19
Power Electronics
u2
ud
R
VT
VT
VT
ua
ub
uc
uG
O
ud
id
iVT
t
20
Power Electronics
Resistive load, quantitative analysis

When 30, load current id is continuous.
5
1
Ud
2
3
2U 2 sin td (t )
3 6
U 2 cos 1.17U 2 cos
2
(3-18)
When 30, load current id is discontinuous.

1
Ud
2
3
2U 2 sin td (t )
3 2
U 2 1 cos( ) 0.675 1 cos( )

2
6
6
(3-19)
Average load current

U
(3-20)
Id d
R
Thyristor voltages
1- resistor load 2- inductor load
3- resistor-inductor load
21
Power Electronics
Inductive load, L is large enough

u
u2
a
b
V T2
c
V T
ud
3
id
R
u
O
ib
O
ic
O
id
V T
ac
Load current id is always continuous.

5
1
Ud
2
3
ia
eL
VT
ac
ab
(3-18)
3 6
2U 2 sin td (t )
U 2 cos 1.17U 2 cos
2
Thyristor voltage and currents, transformer current
I 2 I VT
I d 0.577 I d (3-23)
3
U FM U RM 2.45U 2
(3-25)
I VT(AV)
I VT
0.368 I d (3-24)
1.57
22
Power Electronics
3.2.2 Three-phase bridge

Circuit diagram
ia
VT1
id
n
VT 4
d1
VT
VT3
VT 5
c
VT
load
ud
d2
Common-cathode group and common-anode group
of thyristors
Numbering of the 6 thyristors indicates the trigger
sequence.
23
Power Electronics
Resistive load, = 0
u
2
d1
t1
O
u
= 0 u
d2
u ab
2L
ud
u ac
u bc
u ba
u ca
u cb
ab
ac
i VT
u
O
VT
u
1
ab
ac
bc
ba
ca
cb
ab
t
ac
ab
ac
24
Power Electronics
u
= 30
d1
d2
t1
O
u
u ab
u ac
u bc
u ba
u ca
u cb
ab
ac
VT
ab
ac
bc
ba
ca
cb
ab
ac
ia
ab
ac
25
Power Electronics
u d1
= 60
ua
ub
uc
t1
O
u d2
ud
u ab
u ac
u bc
u ba
u ca
u cb
u ab
u VT
u ac
u ac
u ac
u ab
26
Power Electronics
ud1
ua
ub
uc
ua
ub
O
ud2
ud
uab uac
ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba
id
O
iVT
O
ia
27
Power Electronics
Inductive load, = 0
u 2 = 0 u a
u d1
ub
uc
O t1
u d2
u 2L
ud
t

u ab u ac

u bc u ba

u ca u cb
u ab
u ac
id
i VT
O
1
28
Power Electronics
Inductive load, = 30
u d1
O
u d2
ud
= 30 u
a
ub
uc
t1
t

u ab u ac

u bc u ba

u ca u cb
u ab u ac
id
O
ia
29
Power Electronics
Inductive load, = 90
= 90
u d1
ub
uc
ua
t1
O
u d2
ud
u ab
u ac
u bc
u ba
u ca
u cb
u ab
u ac
u VT
u ac
u ac
O
u ab
30
Power Electronics
Quantitative analysis
Average output voltage
2
Ud
6U 2 sin td (t ) 2.34U 2 cos
(3-26)
For resistive load, When a > 60, load current id is discontinuous.

3
U d
6U 2 sin td (t ) 2.34U 2 1 cos( )
(3-27)
3
3
Average output current (load current)
Id
Ud
R
(3-20)
Transformer current
1 2 2
2
2
I2
I d ( I d )
2
3
3
Thyristor voltage and current
2
I d 0.816 I d
3
(3-28)
Same as three-phase half-wave rectifier
EMF load, L is large enough

All the same as inductive load except the calculation of average output
current
Id
Ud E
R
(3-29)
31
Power Electronics
3.3 Effect of transformer leakage

inductance on rectifier circuits
T
a
ik
ia
ib
ic
c
u
V T
V T
id
V T
ic
ia
ib
ic
ia
Id
In practical, the transformer leakage inductance has to be

taken into account.
Commutation between thyristors thus can not happen
instantly, but with a commutation process.
32
Power Electronics
Commutation process analysis

Circulating current ik during commutation
ub-ua = 2LBdia/dt
ik:
Id
ia = Id-ik :
Id
Id
i b = ik
Commutation angle
Output voltage during commutation
dik
dik ua ub
ud ua LB
ub LB
dt
dt
2
(3-30)
33
Power Electronics
Quantitative calculation
Reduction of average output voltage due to the
commutation process
di k
1 56
3 56
U d
(ub ud )d(t ) 5 [u b (u b LB )]d(t )
5
2 / 3 6
2 6
dt
3
5
6
5
6
di
3
LB k d(t )
dt
2
Id
LBdik
Calculation of commutation angle

cos cos( )
Id
2X BId
3
X BId
2
(3-31)
(3-36)
6U 2
XB ,
For 90o , ,
34
Power Electronics
Summary of the effect on rectifier circuits

Circuits
U d
Singlephase full
wave
XB
cos cos( )
Id
Id X B
2U 2
Singlephase
bridge
2X B
Threephase
half-wave
Id
3X B
Id
2
Threephase
bridge
3X B
Id
2I d X B
2X BId
2X B Id
2U 2
6U 2
6U 2
m-pulse recfifier
mX B
Id
2
Id X B
2U 2 sin
Conclusions
Commutation process actually provides additional working states
of the circuit.
di/dt of the thyristor current is reduced.
The average output voltage is reduced.
Positive du/dt
Notching in the AC side voltage
35
Power Electronics
3.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled

(uncontrollable) rectifier
Emphasis of previous sections
Controlled rectifier, inductive load
Uncontrolled rectifier: diodes instead of thyristors

Wide applications of capacitor-filtered uncontrolled
rectifier
AC-DC-AC frequency converter

Uninterruptible power supply
Switching power supply
3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase uncontrolled

rectifier
3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase uncontrolled
rectifier
36
Power Electronics
3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase

uncontrolled rectifier
Single-phase bridge, RC load
id
V D
i2
u1
V D
u2
V D
V D
a)
i,u d
3
iC
iR
ud +
ud
i
b)
37
Power Electronics
3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase

Single-phase bridge, RLC load
id
VD
i2
u
u
VD
L
+ uL VD 3
iC
+
ud
VD
a)
i2,u 2,u
iR
C
i2
R
b)
38
Power Electronics
3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase

Three-phase bridge, RC load
ud
VD
T
ia
VD
VD
iC
ud +
b
c
VD
ia
id
VD
a)
VD
u ab u u ac
d
iR
C
R
id
O
b)
39
Power Electronics

Three-phase bridge, RC load
Waveform when RC1.732
ia
ia
t O
id
id
t O
a RC=
3
b RC<
3
40
Power Electronics

Three-phase bridge, RLC load
VD
T
VD
ia
VD
id
ia
a
b
c
O
iC
u d+
iR
C
ia
b)
O
VD
VD
a)
VD
c)
41
Power Electronics
3.5 Harmonics and power factor of

rectifier circuits
Originating of harmonics and power factor issues in
rectifier circuits
Harmonics: working in switching statesnonlinear
Power factor: firing delay angle causes phase delay
Harmful effects of harmonics and low power factor

Standards to limit harmonics and power factor
3.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics and reactive power
3.5.2 AC side harmonics and power factor of
controlled rectifiers with inductive load
capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifiers
3.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current
42
Power Electronics
3.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics

and reactive power
For pure sinusoidal waveform
u (t ) 2U sin(t u )
(3-54)
For periodic non-sinusoidal waveform
or
u (t ) ao (an cos nt bn sin nt )
(3-55)
n 1
u (t ) ao cn sin( nt n )
where
(3-56)
n 1
cn an 2 bn 2
an cn sin
n arctan(an / bn)
bn cn cos
Fundamental component
Harmonic components (harmonics)
43
Power Electronics
Harmonics-related specifications
Take current harmonics as examples
Content of nth harmonics
In
HRI n 100%
I1
(3-57)
In is the effective (RMS) value of nth harmonics.

I1 is the effective (RMS) value of fundamental component.
Total harmonic distortion

Ih
THDi 100% (3-58)
I1
Ih is the total effective (RMS) value of all the harmonic components.
44
Power Electronics
Definition of power and power factor

For sinusoidal circuits
Active power
1
P
2
Reactive power
uid (t ) UI cos
Q=U I sin
(3-59)
(3-61)
Apparent power
Power factor
S=UI
(3-60)
S 2 P2 Q2
(3-63)
P
S
=cos
(3-62)
(3-64)
45
Power Electronics
Definition of power and power factor

For non-sinusoidal circuits
Active power
P=U I1 cos1
(3-65)
Power factor
P UI cos 1 I 1
1
cos 1 cos 1
(3-66)
S
UI
I
Distortion factor (fundamental-component factor)
=I1 / I
Displacement factor (power factor of fundamental component)
1 = cos1
Definition of reactive power is still in dispute.
46
Power Electronics
Review of the reactive power concept

The reactive power Q does not lead to net transmission of
energy between the source and load. When Q 0, the rms
current and apparent power are greater than the minimum
amount necessary to transmit the average power P.
Inductor: current lags voltage by 90, hence displacement
factor is zero. The alternate storing and releasing of energy in
an inductor leads to current flow and nonzero apparent power,
but P = 0. Just as resistors consume real (average) power P,
inductors can be viewed as consumers of reactive power Q.
Capacitor: current leads voltage by 90, hence displacement
factor is zero. Capacitors supply reactive power Q. They are
often placed in the utility power distribution system near
inductive loads. If Q supplied by capacitor is equal to Q
consumed by inductor, then the net current (flowing from the
source into the capacitor-inductive-load combination) is in
phase with the voltage, leading to unity power factor and
minimum rms current magnitude.
47
Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

u2
ud
a
u
Id
id
R
VT4
VT3
i2
VT1
id
VT2
Power Electronics

controlled rectifiers with inductive load
iVT O
Id
1,4
iVT O
Id
2,3
O
i2
a)
uVT
Id
t
t
t
Id
1,4
O
b)
48
Power Electronics
AC side current harmonics of single-phase bridge

fully-controlled rectifier with inductive load
4
1
1
i2 I d (sin t sin 3 t sin 5 t )
3
5
4
1
Id
sin n t 2 I n sin n t
n 1,3,5, n
n 1, 3, 5,
(3-72)
where
2 2Id
In
n
n=1,3,5,
(3-73)
Conclusions
Only odd order harmonics exist
In 1/n
In / I1 = 1/n
49
Power Electronics
Power factor of single-phase bridge fullycontrolled rectifier with inductive load

Distortion factor
I1 2 2
0.9
I
(3-75)
Displacement factor
1 cos 1 cos
(3-76)
I1
2 2
1 cos 1
cos 0.9 cos
I
(3-77)
Power factor
50
Power Electronics
Three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

u d1
O
u d2
ud
= 30 u
a
ub
uc
t1
t

u ab u ac

u bc u ba

u ca u cb
u ab u ac
id
O
ia
51
Power Electronics
AC side current harmonics of three-phase bridge

fully-controlled rectifier with inductive load
2 3
1
1
1
1
I d [sin t sin 5 t sin 7 t sin 11 t sin 13t ]
5
7
11
13
2 3
2 3
1
I d sin t
I d (1) k sin nt 2 I1 sin t (1) k 2 I n sin n t
n
n 6 k 1
n 6 k 1
ia
k 1, 2 ,3
where
I1
6
Id
I 6 I , n 6k 1, k 1, 2,3,L
n n d
k 1, 2 , 3
(3-79)
(3-80)
Conclusions
Only 6k1 order harmonics exist (k is positive integer)

In 1/n
In / I1 = 1/n
52
Power Electronics
Power factor of three-phase bridge fullycontrolled rectifier with inductive load

Distortion factor
I1 3
0.955
I
(3-81)
Displacement factor
1 cos 1 cos
(3-82)
Power factor
I1
3
1 cos 1 cos 0.955 cos
I
(3-83)
53
Power Electronics

capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifiers
Situation is a little complicated than rectifiers with
inductive load.
Some conclusions that are easy to remember:
Only odd order harmonics exist in single-phase circuit, and
only 6k1 (k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in
three-phase circuit.
Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order
increases.
Harmonics increases and power factor decreases as
capacitor increases.
Harmonics decreases and power factor increases as
inductor increases.
54
Power Electronics
3.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage

and current
ud0 U d0
n mk
cos nt
ud
2 cos k
U d0 1 2
cos nt
n mk n 1
2U
(3-85)
where
U d0
2U 2 sin
(3-86)
2 cos k
bn
U d0 (3-87)
2
n 1
O
m
2
m
Output voltage of m-pulse

rectifier when 0
55
Power Electronics
Ripple factor in the output voltage

Output voltage ripple factor
UR
u
U d0
(3-88)
where UR is the total RMS value of all the harmonic

components in the output voltage
UR
n mk
2
n
U 2 U d02
(3-89)
and U is the total RMS value of the output voltage

Ripple factors for rectifiers with different number of pulses
12
u %
48.2
18.27
4.18
0.994
0
56
Power Electronics
Harmonics in the output current

id I d
n mk
cos(nt n )
(3-92)
where
U d0 E
Id
R
bn
dn
zn
(3-93)
bn
R ( nL)
2
nL
n arctan
R
(3-94)
(3-95)
57
Power Electronics
Conclusions for = 0
Only mk (k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in
the output voltage and current of m-pulse rectifiers
Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order
increases when m is constant.
The order number of the lowest harmonics increases as
m increases. The corresponding magnitude of the
lowest harmonics decreases accordingly.
58
Quantitative harmonic analysis

of output voltage and current is
very complicated for 0.
As an example,
for 3-phase bridge
ud U d
n 6 k
2 U2L
0.3
cn
Power Electronics
For 0
n =6
0.2
n =12
0.1
cos(nt n )
n =18
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
/( )
(3-96)
59
Power Electronics
3.6 High power controlled rectifier

3.6.1 Double-star controlled rectifier
3.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers
60
Waveforms When 0
Circuit
u
u
d1
T
a
ia
c
u
iP
O
d2
'
c' u
VT2
VT6
VT4
VT1
VT3
a'
id
1 I
2 d
1 I
6 d
u
'
c
'
a
'
b
'
c
VT5
Power Electronics
3.6.1 Double-star controlled rectifier
i a'
1 I
2 d
R
O
Difference from 6-phase half-wave rectifier
1 I
6 d
61
Power Electronics
VT
Effect of interphase reactor

(inductor, transformer)
u
ud1,ud2 u '
b
1
u
2
iP
VT
n 2'
b
d2
ua
uc'
ub
ua'
uc
ub'
n LP
+ - +n
1
L
u d1
a)
O t1
up
b)
60
360
u p ud2 ud1
ud ud2
(3-97)
1
1
1
u p ud1 U p (ud1 ud2 ) (3-98)
2
2
2
62
Power Electronics
Quantitative analysis when = 0

ud1
3 6U 2
1
2
1
[1 cos 3t cos 6t cos 9t ]
2
4
35
40
ud2
3 6U 2
1
2
1
[1 cos 3( t 60) cos 6( t 60) cos 9( t 60)
]
2
4
35
40
3 6U 2
1
2
1
[1 cos 3 t cos 6 t cos 9 t
]
2
4
35
40
3 6U 2 1
1
up
[ cos 3t cos 9t ]
2
2
20
ud
3 6U 2
2
[1 cos 6t ]
2
35
(3-99)
(3-100)
(3-101)
(3-102)
63
Power Electronics
Waveforms
when > 0
u d 30 u
a
O
ud
Ud 1.17U 2 cos
O
ud
60
u c'
ub
u a'
uc
u b'
t
u c'
90 u '
c
ub
u a'
uc
u b'
t
ub
u a'
uc
u b'
64
Power Electronics
Comparison with 3-phase half-wave

rectifier and 3-phase bridge rectifier
Voltage output capability
Same as 3-phase half-wave rectifier
Half of 3-phase bridge rectifier
Current output capability

Twice of 3-phase half-wave rectifier
Twice of 3-phase bridge rectifier
Applications
Low voltage and high current situations
65
Power Electronics
3.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers
To increase the
output capacity
Connection
of multiple
rectifiers
Larger output voltage:

series connection
Larger output current:

parallel connection
To improve the AC side current waveform

and DC side voltage waveform
Power Electronics
Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers

Parallel connection
LP
VT
c1
b1
a1
c2
b2
a2
12-pulse rectifier realized by

paralleled 3-phase bridge rectifiers
67
Power Electronics
iA
Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers

Series connection
ia1
a1
I
id
u a1b1
A
b1
c1
I
L
b)
II
30 lagging
B
c2
iab2
*
b2
0
3
3
1
I
3 d
Id
2
3
u a2b2
Id
0
(1+
R
II
iA
360
Id
2
I
3 d
c)
a2
180
i ab2
i ab2'
ud
*
0
i a2
Id
a)
i a1
2
3
) Id
d)
0
3
3
Id
(1+
12-pulse rectifier realized by

series 3-phase bridge rectifiers
3
3
)I d
68
Power Electronics
Quantitative analysis of 12-pulse rectifier

Voltage
Average output voltage
Parallel connection:
U d 2.34U 2 cos
Series connection: U d 4.68U 2 cos

Output voltage harmonics
Only 12m harmonics exist
Input (AC side) current harmonics

Only 12k1 harmonics exist
Connection of more 3-phase bridge rectifiers

Three: 18-pulse rectifier (20 phase difference)
Four: 24-pulse rectifier (15 phase difference)
69
VT14 VT13
VT24 VT23
VT34 VT33
VT22 VT21
VT12 VT11
Id
VT32 VT31
Power Electronics
Sequential control of multiple

series-connected rectifiers
u
+
b)
i
lo a d
Id
2 Id
c)
a)
Circuit and waveforms of series-connected

three single-phase bridge rectifiers
70
Power Electronics
3.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifiers

Review of DC generator-motor system
EG EM
Id
R
EM EG
Id
R
should be avoided
71
Power Electronics
Inverter mode operation of rectifiers

Rectifier and inverter mode operation of single-phase
full-wave converter
VT
VT1
1
0
u10
iVT
u20 VT2
2
iVT
ud
u10
u20
ud
iVT
0
VT2
Energy +
M EM
u10
id
ud
Energy
iVT
ud
u20
u10
R
M EM
+
u10
Ud>EM
t
id=iVT +iVT
1
iVT
O
id
id
iVT
iVT
a)
Ud EG
Id
R
Id
t
Ud<EM
O
id
id=iVT +iVT
iVT
iVT
iVT
b)
Id
Id
EM Ud
R
72
Power Electronics
Necessary conditions for the inverter

mode operation of controlled rectifiers
There must be DC EMF in the load and the direction
of the DC EMF must be enabling current flow in
thyristors. (In other word EM must be negative if
taking the ordinary output voltage direction as
positive.)
90 so that the output voltage Ud is also

negative.
EM U d
73
Power Electronics
Inverter mode operation of

3-phase bridge rectifier
u
ab
ac
bc
ba
=
3
u ca
u
cb
ab
ac
bc
ba
=
4
u ca
u
cb
ab
ac
bc
ba
=
6
u ca
u
cb
ab
ac
bc
t1 t2 t3
t
=
3
=
4
=
6
Inversion angle (extinction angle)

+ =180
74
Power Electronics
Inversion failure and minimum inversion angle

Possible reasons of
inversion failures
Malfunction of triggering
circuit
Failure in thyristors
Sudden dropout of AC
source voltage
Insufficient margin for
commutation of
thyristors
Minimum inversion
angle (extinction angle)
min= + + 3-109
i VT
i VT
i VT
L B VT
LB
VT
L B VT
1
2
id
ud
o
ua
ud
ub
uc
ua
ub
id
O
i VT
i VT

i VT
i VT
i VT
t

t
75
Power Electronics
3.8 Realization of phase-control in

rectifier circuits
Object
How to timely generate triggering pulses with
adjustable phase delay angle
Constitution
Synchronous circuit
Saw-tooth ramp generating and phase shifting
Pulse generating
Integrated gate triggering control circuits are very
widely used in practice.
76
Power Electronics
A typical gate triggering control circuit
77
Electronics
Power
Power Electronics
Waveforms of the typical

gate triggering control circuit
78
Power Electronics
How to get synchronous voltage for the gate

triggering control circuit of each thyristor
uA
uB
uC
UAB
Ua
U
Usa - sc
TS
TR
-Usb
Usb
Ub
D,y 5-11
D,y 11
Usc
ua
ub
uc - usa - usc usb

usc
- usb u sa
Uc
-Usa
For the typical circuit on page 20, the synchronous voltage of the gate
triggering control circuit for each thyristor should be lagging 180 to the
corresponding phase voltage of that thyristor.
79

Power Electronics: AC To DC Converters (Rectifiers)

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Power Electronics

3.1 Single-phase controlled

3.1.1 Single-phase half-wave

3.1.1 Single-phase half-wave

Basic thought process of time-domain

Single-phase half-wave controlled

Inductive load (L is large enough)

Maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage

3.1.2 Single-phase bridge

For thyristor: maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse

3.1.2 Single-phase bridge fullycontrolled rectifier

3.1.2 Single-phase bridge

U 2 cos 0.9U 2 cos

Electro-motive-force (EMF) load

Electro-motive-force (EMF) load

3.1.3 Single-phase full-wave

Transformer with center tap

3.1.4 Single-phase bridge

Another single-phase bridge

Comparison with previous circuit:

Summary of some important

3.2 Three-phase controlled

3.2.1 Three-phase half-wave

Resistive load, quantitative analysis

When 30, load current id is discontinuous.

U 2 1 cos( ) 0.675 1 cos( )

Average load current

Inductive load, L is large enough

Load current id is always continuous.

Thyristor voltage and currents, transformer current

3.2.2 Three-phase bridge

ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba

6U 2 sin td (t ) 2.34U 2 cos

For resistive load, When a > 60, load current id is discontinuous.

Average output current (load current)

Same as three-phase half-wave rectifier

EMF load, L is large enough

3.3 Effect of transformer leakage

In practical, the transformer leakage inductance has to be

Commutation process analysis

Calculation of commutation angle

Summary of the effect on rectifier circuits

3.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled

Uncontrolled rectifier: diodes instead of thyristors

AC-DC-AC frequency converter

3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase uncontrolled

3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase

3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase

3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase

3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase

3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase

3.5 Harmonics and power factor of

Harmful effects of harmonics and low power factor

3.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics

For periodic non-sinusoidal waveform

u (t ) ao (an cos nt bn sin nt )

In is the effective (RMS) value of nth harmonics.

Total harmonic distortion

Definition of power and power factor

Definition of power and power factor

Review of the reactive power concept

Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier