Automic Physics

E h
p

E , P v,
------

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Louis Victor
de Broglie 1892
1987 )

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1924

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v c,

1
eU mv2
2

mv

h
2meU

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12.25

150

A U
U

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1A

U 150V ,
U 10000V ,

0.122 A

eU mc2 m0c2 ,
m

m0
v2
1 2
c
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. 1927

54 eV
50o

Ni

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d sin n , n 1, 2, K
h

1.67
2me Ek
d 2.15

n 1 51o

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. 1927
X

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1961 Jnsson

100

3000

20000
,
70000

m = 0.01kg v = 300m/s

h h 6.63 1034

2.2110 m
P m 0.01 300
34

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929

for his discovery of the wave nature of

electrons

L. de Broglie
(1892-1987)

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937

for their experimental discovery of the
C. Davisson G. P. Thomson diffraction of electrons by crystals
(1881-1958) (1892-1975)

1901-1976

1932

x
p x
t
E
x px h
t E h

x px h
x 0

p x

(1961
)

h
y A

p
C

d sin
x

x d

p x
sin
p x p sin
p

sin

px

p
x

d x

x px p h

x px h

x px h



Heisenberg 1927

Px x h

Eh

1 :

2 :

(
-



m/ s
1 m 0.01kg
x x 500
0.
x
01%

x p x / 2

x / p x / m x

x 2.3mm

x 2.1 10

31

2 10-10 m

10-10 m

x p x / 2
mVx x h / 2

Vx 5.8 10 m / s
106 m/s

1.
2.

x
2
0 cos 2( - t )= 0 cos ( p r Et )

0e

2 v v
i ( p r Et )
h



3. M.Born

N I E02

I
I



M.Born
2

( x, y, z
, t)
t x y z

(2) c

(1)
| |2
(2) c
(c )

1

2

12 1
2
2
P
12 | 12 | |
2

1 2 1 2 2 1

4
1).

2).

v 2
r , t dV 1 ( )

v 2
A r dV A

1/ A

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954

(shared with W. Bothe)

for his fundamental research in

quantum mechanics, especially for his
statistical interpretation of the
wavefunction

M. Born (1882-1970)




de Broglie

. 1926 , E.Schrdinger

E. Schrdinger
(1887-1961)

1. :
h2 2

i h (r , t )
(r , t )
t
2m

2.
:
h2

ih ( r , t )
2 V (r , t ) (r , t )
t
2m

3. :
t , U=U(r),
: (r, t ) (r) f (t )

h2 2

U
(
r
2m
) (r ) E (r )

h2 d 2

U
(
x
2m dx 2
) (x) E (x)

E(
)
E
n En

0,

U ( x) {
,

0 xa
x 0, x a

potential
well

: , ,
:

 ( 0<x<d )
( )
2 2
d
2mE

dx 2

h2

m E>0
k 2 2
E
k 2mE /
2m

2
d
2

k
0
2
dx

( x) A sin Kx B cos Kx
A B

 (x0 xa)
(
)

( x) 0

x0

(0) B cos 0 0

xa

B0

(a ) A sin Ka 0

A0

sin Ka 0

( n0)
Ka n n 1,2,3

n
( x) A sin
x
a
n 0 ( x) 0

1 dx
2

( x)

2a
n
A sin
xdx A 1
2
a
2

2
n
sin
x
a
a

n
2mE
k

2
a
h

2
a

0 xa
x 0, x a
h2 2 n 2
E
2ma

n 1, 2,3,......

( x)
E4

4 x

3 x

a
4
2

E2

1 x

n4

3 x

2 x

1 x

n3

n2

2 a

E1

2a
3
3

E3

2 x

4 x

n1

1 2a

U(x) =0

x0

U ( x ) = U0

0 x a

U(x) =0

xa

U0

0
a
E < U0

E U0

d 2 2mE
h 2 0
2
dx ( 2 )
d 2
2m
h 2 (U 0 E )
2
dx
( 2 )

d 2 2mE
h 2 0
2
dx ( 2 )

d 2 2
k1 0
2
dx
d2
2

k
2
2
dx
d 2 2
k1 0
2
dx

U0
2

a
2 (a) Ce

2 m (U 0 E )
n

3

E

0 a

(3


(1) E > U0 , R0,

III
,
I

U0

(k12 k22 ) 2 sin 2 ( k2 a )

R 2
2
2
2 2
( k1 k2 ) sin ( k 2 a) 4k1 k 2

2mE
k 2
h
2
1

2m(U 0 E )
k
h2
2
2

(2) E < U0 , T0,

III

4k12 k22
T 2
2
2
2 2
( k1 k2 ) sin ( k2 a ) 4k1 k2
k2 1

16 E (U o E ) 2 k2 x
T
e
2
Uo

T a m

1eV

2eV

510-10m

0.024

1eV

2eV

210-10m

0.51

1eV

2eV

210-10m

310-38

Josophson .
.
(1)
U

( )

238

234

Th + He

35MeV

4.25MeV

 2. STM
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
1986

i
A

I
d

i Ue

A d

A U

d
B

STM

d
i

1993 5 IBM M.Crommie

Fe Cu(111)
STM 48
9.5 71.3

(quantum corral)

1 2 1
U( x) kx m 2 x 2
2
2

m x

k
d 2m
1
2 2
2 [ E m x ] 0
2
m
dx
h
2
2

1
1
En (n )h (n )h n = 0, 1, 2,
2
2

En (n 1 )h
2

E0= 0

hv/2

kT
E >> kT

n 1025
E 10-33J

(n 0, 1, 2,
)

En=nhv
En=(n+1/2)hv

E h

E0=

n0

n0

x
1

n 1

n 1

x
x
2

2
n2

n2


1.

r
r
r
h2 2
[
U( r ) ] (r ) E( r )
2m
e2

U U( r )

4 0 r

1 2
1

(r
) 2
(sin
)
2
r r
r
r sin

2
2
1

2m
e
2

(E
) 0
2
2
2
r sin
h
4 0 r

( r , , ) R( r ) ( ) ( )

1 d 2 dR
2m
e2

(r
) 2 (E
2 )R
R dr
dr
h
4 0 r r

1 d
d
m
(sin
) ( 2 ) 0
sin d
d
sin

(1)

d 2
2

m
0
2
d

(2)

(3)


1.

E1
1 me 4
En 2 ( 2 2 ) 2
n 8 0 h
n

n n
n = 1 2 3
me 4
E1
13.6 eV
2 2
2()
4 0 h

2.

L l l 1 h l 0,1, 2, L L (n 1)

r
l
L

3.
Z

Lz ml h ml 0, 1, 2, L l

ml Z

l Z 2l+1

 l = 2

L 2(2 1) h 6 h
Z 5

Lz ml h
5

ml 0, 1,

z
5

Lz 0, , 2

z
Lz
2

L 6

4.

n ,l ,ml( r , , ) Rnl( r ) Ylml( , )

Y( , ) ( ) ( )

n, l, ml
( r , , )

|
nlm

n = 1 2 3

l 0,1, 2, L L ( n 1)
ml 0, 1, 2, L l

r r dr
2

Wn l (r )dr R n l (r ) r dr
2

nl (r ) R n l (r ) r 2

Wlm ( , )d Ylm ( , ) d

Wlm ( , ) Ylm ( , )

N lm Pl

N Pl (cos )
2
lm

(m)

(cos )e

im

S :
( 0

l 0, m 0
2

W00 ( , ) Y00 ( , )

1
4

l 1,

m 0, 1

3
W10 ( , ) Y10 ( , )
cos 2
4
2
3
W1 1 ( , ) Y1 1 ( , )
sin 2
8
2

d l=2

(r , , )
nlm

1.

2.

3.
n, n , n

n 1, 2, 3..., n 1, 2,..., n,
n 0, 1,... n

P n h, P n h
n, l , m

n 1, 2, 3..., l 0,1, 2,..., n 1,

m 0, 1,... l
L

l (l 1)h, Lz mh