TELECOMMUNICATION

CONCEPTS

BY- YATIN
GAMBHIR
ROLL NOCSE/12/151

ABOUT THE COMPANY

Nokia Networks
As the worlds specialist in mobile broadband,
well help you enable your end users to do more
than ever before with the worlds most efficient
mobile networks, the intelligence to maximize
their value and the services to make it all work
together.
From the first ever call on GSM, to the first call on
LTE,we operate at the forefrontof each
generation of mobile technology.
Our global experts invent the new capabilities you
need in your networks. We provide the
worldsmost efficient mobile networks,
theintelligence to maximize the valueof those

1G,2G, 3G, 4G, 4G LTE in

Telecommunication What are
They?

Quite simply, the G stands for Generation, as in the next generation of wireless
technologies. Each generation is supposedly faster, more secure and more
reliable. The reliability factor is the hardest obstacle to overcome.
1G A term never widely used until 2G was available. This was the first
generation of cell phone technology. Simple phone calls were all it was able to
do.

2G The second generation of cell phone transmission. A few more features

were added to the menu such as simple text messaging.

3G This generation set the standards for most of the wireless technology we
have come to know and love. Web browsing, email, video downloading, picture
sharing and other Smartphone technology were introduced in the third
generation. 3G should be capable of handling around 2 Megabits per second
4G The speed and standards of this technology of wireless needs to be at least
100 Megabits per second and up to 1 Gigabit per second to pass as 4G. It also
needs to share the network resources to support more simultaneous
connections on the cell. As it develops, 4G could surpass the speed of the
average wireless broadband home Internet connection.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe

Spcial Mobile), is a standard developed by the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe
protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by
mobile phones, first deployed in Finland in July 1992. As of 2014 it has
become the default global standard for mobile communications - with
over 90% market share, operating in over 219 countries and territories.
2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog
cellular networks, and the GSM standard originally described a digital,
circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This
expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuitswitched transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS (General
Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
or EGPRS).
In 2000, the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the first
GPRS compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001 the first
UMTS (W-CDMA) network was launched, a 3G technology that is not part
of GSM. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the
first Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) were introduced and the first
GSM network in the 800MHz frequency band became operational. EDGE
services first became operational in a network in 2003 and the number of
worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004.[7]

ARCHITECTURE - GSM

CALL FLOW IN GSM

SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY
MODULE(SIM)
A Small Smart Card.
Encryption Codes Needed To Identify
The Subscriber.
Subscriber IMSI Number.
Subscribers own Information
Can be used for GSM,WLAN,LTE.

MOBILE STATION(MS)
MS Is the user handset and has 2 parts
Mobile equipment
Radio Equipment

User Interface
Equipment IMEI Number
SIM is inserted

Base Station
Subsystem(BSS)

The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a

traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible
for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone
and the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out
transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio
channels to mobile phones, paging, transmission and
reception over the air interface and many other tasks
related to the radio network.
Transcoding Rate And Adaptation Unit(TRAU)
Knows Which Mobile Station are Within The Cell and informs
the MSC/VLR.
Controls Several Transmitters.
Manages The Handovers Within BSS area

Base Transceiver
Station(BTS)

The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment

for transmitting and receiving radio signals (transceivers),
antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting
communications with the base station controller (BSC).
Typically a BTS for anything other than a picocell will have
several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several
different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the
case of sectorised base stations).
A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the "base station
control function" (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete
unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations.
The BCF provides an operations and maintenance (O&M)
connection to the network management system (NMS), and
manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software
handling and alarm collection.

Network and Switching

Subsystem(NSS)

The Backbone of the GSM Network

Mobile Switching Network(MSC)
Visitor Location Register(VLR)
Home Location Register(HLR)
Authentication Center(AuC)
Equipment Identity Register(EIR)
IMEI codes for eg Blacklisting and
Stolen Phones

Home Location Register(HLR)

One Database Per Operator
Contains All The Subscriber
Information
MSIDSN(Mobile Subscriber ISDN
Number)
IMSI is a 15 digit code number used
to identify the subscriber
It incorporates country code and
operator code
Services available to the customer

Visitor Location Register(VLR)

The VLR is a database that contains
temporary information about subscribers that
is needed by the MSC in order to service
visiting subscribers. The VLR is always
integrated with the MSC. When a mobile
station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR
connected to that MSC will request data about
the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the
mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have
the information needed for call setup without
having to interrogate the HLR each time.

Authentication Center(AuC)
The Authentication Center is a
protected database that stores a
copy of the secret key stored in each
subscriber's SIM card, which is used
for authentication and ciphering of
the radio channel. The AUC protects
network operators from different
types of fraud found in today's
cellular world.

Equipment Identity Register(EIR)

The Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
is a database that contains a list of
all valid mobile equipment on the
network, where its International
Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
identifies each MS. An IMEI is marked
as invalid if it has been reported
stolen or is not type approved.

Handoff (Handovers)
When a call is in process, the
changes in location need special
processing.
Within a BSS, the BSC, which knows
the current radio link configuration
prepares an available channel in the
new BTS.
The MS is told to switch over tto the
new BTS
In Soft Hanover, the MS is connected

Top Telecom Vendors In India

1) NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS.

2) HUAWEI
3) ERICSSON
4) ZTE
5) ALCATEL LUCENT
6) CERAGON NETWORKS
7) JUNIPER NETWORKS
8) TEJAS NETWORKS
9) NEC
10) CISCO
12) AVAYA
13) NORTEL
14) GTL

FIELD WORK(Site Visit)

BSC

Base Transceiver
Station(BTS)

BSC 3i

SMPS or POWER PLANT for AC

to DC Conversion

Transmission equipment for carrying E1 Signals

Battery Bank for -48V

TOWER

THE
END