PCI6thEdition

Fabrication Design

PresentationOutline

Planning Discussion
Stripping Process Design and Analysis
Prestress / Post Tension Effects
Handling Devices
Stripping Stress Examples
Storage Discussion
Transportation Discussion
Erection Discussion

Introduction
The loads and forces on precast and prestressed
concrete members during production,
transportation or erection will frequently require a
separate analysis
Concrete strengths are lower
Support points and orientation are usually
different from members in their final position

PrePlanningPieceSize
The most economical piece size for a project is
usually the largest, considering the following
factors:
Stability and stresses on the element during
handling
Transportation size and weight regulations and
equipment restrictions

PrePlanningPieceSize
Available crane capacity at both the plant and
the project site.
Position of the crane must be considered, since
capacity is a function of reach
Storage space, truck turning radius, and other
site restrictions

PlanningandSetup
Once a piece has been fabricated, it is necessary to remove it
from the mold without being damaged.
Positive drafts or breakaway forms should be used to allow a
member to lift away from the casting bed without becoming
wedged within the form
Adequate draft also serves to reduce trapped air bubbles.

PlanningandSetup
Lifting points must be located to keep member stresses within limits and
to ensure proper alignment of the piece as it is being lifted
Members with unsymmetrical geometry or projecting sections may
require supplemental lifting points and auxiliary lifting lines to achieve
even support during handling
Come-alongs or chain-falls are frequently used for these auxiliary
lines

PlanningandSetup
When the member has areas of small cross
section or large cantilevers, it may be necessary
to add a structural steel strongback to the piece
to provide added strength

PlanningandSetup
Members that require a secondary process prior to
shipment, such as sandblasting or attachment of
haunches, may need to be rotated at the production
facility. In these cases, it may be necessary to cast in
extra lifting devices to facilitate these maneuvers

PlanningandSetup
When developing member shapes, the designer
should consider the extra costs associated with
special rigging or forming, and pieces requiring
multiple handling

Stripping:General
Orientation of members during storage, shipping and final in-place position is
critical in determining stripping requirements
They can be horizontal, vertical or some angle in between
The number and location of lifting devices are chosen to keep stresses within the
allowable limits, which depends on whether the no cracking or controlled
cracking criteria is to be used

Stripping:General
It is desirable to use the same lifting devices for
both stripping and erection; however, additional
devices may be required to rotate the member to
its final position

Stripping:General

Panels that are stripped

by rotating about one
edge with lifting devices
at the opposite edge will
develop moments as
shown

Stripping:General
When panels are stripped this way, care
should be taken to prevent spalling of
the edge along which the rotation
occurs
A compressible material or sand bed
will help protect this edge

Stripping:General

Members that are

stripped flat from
the mold will
develop the
moments shown

Stripping:General
In some plants,
tilt tables or
turning rigs are
used to reduce
stripping
stresses

Stripping:General

Since the section modulus with respect to the

top and bottom faces may not be the same, the
designer must select the controlling design
limitation:

Tensile stresses on both faces to be less than that which

would cause cracking
Tensile stress on one face to be less than that which would
cause cracking, with controlled cracking permitted on the
unexposed face
Controlled cracking permitted on both faces

Stripping:General

If only one of the faces is exposed to

view, the exposed face will generally
control the stripping method

RiggingConfigurations
Stresses and forces occurring during
handling are also influenced by the type
of rigging used to hook up to the
member

RiggingConfigurations
Lift line forces for a two-point lift using
inclined lines are shown

RiggingConfigurations
When the sling angle is small, the components of
force parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
member may generate a significant moment due
to secondary effects

RiggingConfigurations
While this effect can and should be accounted
for, it is not recommended that it be allowed to
dominate design moments

RiggingConfigurations
Consideration should be
given to using spreader
beams, two cranes or
other mechanisms to
increase the sling angle
Any such special handling
required by the design
should be clearly shown
on drawings

RiggingConfigurations
Using a spreader beam can also eliminate the use of
rolling blocks
Note that the spreader beam must be sufficiently
stiffer than the concrete panel to limit panel
deflections and cracking
Lifting hook locations, hook heights, and sling
lengths are critical to ensure even lifting of the
member
For analysis, the panel acts as a continuous beam
over multiple supports

StrippingDesign

To account for the forces on the member

caused by form suction and impact, it is
common practice to apply a multiplier to the
member weight and treat the resulting force
as an equivalent static service load.
The multipliers cannot be quantitatively
derived, so they are based on experience

StrippingDesign
PCI provides a table of typical values

FactorofSafety
When designing for stripping and handling, the
following safety factors are recommended:
Use embedded inserts and erection devices with a
pullout strength at least equal to four (4) times the
calculated load on the device.
For members designed without cracking, the
modulus of rupture (MOR) , is divided by a safety
factor of 1.5.
7.5

StressLimits&CrackControl
Stress limits for prestressed members during
production are discussed in Section 4.2.2.2 of
the the PCI Handbook
ACI 318-02 does not restrict stresses on nonprestressed members, but does specify
minimum reinforcement spacing, as
discussed in Section 4.2.2.1. (PCI chapter 4
member design)

StressLimits&CrackControl
Members which are exposed to view will generally be
designed for the no discernible cracking criteria (see
Eq. 4.2.2.2), which limits the stress to
.
In the case of stripping
fci should be
5 stresses,

substituted for fc
Whether or not the members are exposed to view, the
strength design and crack control requirements of ACI
318-02, as discussed in Chapter 4 of this Handbook,
must be followed.

BenefitsofPrestressing
Panels can be prestressed, using either
pretensioning or post-tensioning.
Design is based on Chapter 18 of ACI 31802, as described in Chapter 4 of this
Handbook. Further, tensile stresses should be
restricted to less
, must be
5 than

followed.

BenefitsofPrestressing
It is recommended that the average stress due to
prestressing, after losses, be within a range of 125 to
800 psi
The prestressing force should be concentric with the
effective cross section in order to minimize camber,
although some manufacturers prefer to have a slight
inward bow in the in-place position to counteract
thermal bow
It should be noted that concentrically prestressed
members do not camber, hence the form adhesion
may be larger than with members that do camber

StrandRecomendation
In order to minimize the possibility of splitting
cracks in thin pretensioned members, the
strand diameter should not exceed that
shown in the table below
Additional light transverse reinforcement may
be required to control longitudinal cracking

StrandRecommendations
When wall panels are post-tensioned, care must be
taken to ensure proper transfer of force at the
anchorage and protection of anchors and tendons
against corrosion
Straight strands or bars may be used, or, to reduce
the number of anchors, the method shown may be
used

StrandRecommendation

It should be noted that if an unbonded tendon

is cut, the prestress is lost. This can
sometimes happen if an unplanned opening
is cut in at a later date

HandlingDevices
Since lifting devices are subject to dynamic
loads, ductility of the material is a requirement
Deformed reinforcing bars should not be used
as the deformations result in stress
concentrations from the shackle pin
Also, reinforcing bars may be hard grade or
re-rolled rail steel with little ductility and low
impact strength at cold temperatures

HandlingDevices
Strain hardening from bending may cause
embrittlement
Smooth bars of a known steel grade may be
used if adequate embedment or mechanical
anchorage is provided
The diameter must be such that localized
failure will not occur by bearing on the
shackle pin

AircraftCableLoops
For smaller precast members, aircraft cable can be
used for stripping and erection purposes
Aircraft cable comes in several sizes with different
capacities
The flexible cable is easier to handle and will not leave
rust stains on precast concrete

AircraftCableLoops
For some small precast members such as coping, the
flexible loops can be cast in ends of members and
tucked back in the joints after erection
Aircraft cable loops should not be used as multiple
loops in a single location, as even pull on multiple
cables in a single hook is extremely difficult to achieve
User should ensure that the cable is clean and that
each leg of the loop is embedded a minimum of 48 in.

PrestressingStrandLoops
Prestressing strand, both new and
used, may be used for lifting loops
The capacity of a lifting loop
embedded in concrete is dependent
upon the strength of the strand, length
of embedment, the condition of the
strand, the diameter of the loop, and
the strength of the concrete

PrestressingStrandLoops
As a result of observations of lift loop behavior
during the past few years, it is important that
certain procedures be followed to prevent
both strand slippage and strand failure
Precast producers tests and/or experience
offer the best guidelines for the load capacity
to use
A safety factor of 4 against slippage or
breakage should be used

StrandLoopsRecommendations

In lieu of test data, the recommendations

listed below should be considered when using
strand as lifting loops.
Minimum embedment for each leg of the loop
should be 24 in.
The strand surface must be free of contaminants,
such as form oil, grease, mud, or loose rust, which
could reduce the bond of the strand to the
concrete

StrandLoopsRecommendations

Continued:
The diameter of the hook or fitting around
which the strand lifting eye will be placed
should be at least four times the diameter
of the strand being used
Do not use heavily corroded strand or
strand of unknown size and strength.

StrandLoopsRecommendations
In the absence of test or experience, it is
recommended that the safe load on a
single 1/2 in. diameter 270 ksi strand
loop satisfying the above
recommendations not exceed 8 kips
The safe working load of multiple loops
may be conservatively obtained by
multiplying the safe load for one loop by
1.7 for double loops and 2.2 for triple
loops

StrandLoopsRecommendations

To avoid overstress in one loop when

using multiple loops, care should be
taken in the fabrication to ensure that
all strands are bent the same
Thin wall conduit over the strands in
the region of the bend has been used
to reduce the potential for overstress

StrandLoopsRecommendations

When using double or triple

loops, the embedded ends
may need to be spread
apart for concrete
consolidation around
embedded ends without
voids being formed by
bundled strand

ThreadedInserts
Threaded inserts can have NC
(National Course) or coil threads
Anchorage is provided by loop, strut
or reinforcing bar
Inserts must be placed accurately
because their safe working load
decreases sharply if they are not
perpendicular to the bearing surface,
or if they are not in a straight line
with the applied force

ThreadedInserts
Embedment of inserts close to an edge will greatly
reduce the effective area of the resisting concrete
shear cone and thus reduce the tension safe working
load of the embedded insert
When properly designed for both insert and concrete
capacities, threaded inserts have many advantages
However, correct usage is sometimes difficult to
inspect during handling operations

ThreadedInserts
In order to ensure that an embedded insert acts
primarily in tension, a swivel plate as indicated in
should be used
It is extremely
important that
sufficient threads
be engaged to
develop the
strength of the bolt

ThreadedInserts
For straight tension loads only, eye bolts or wire
rope loops provide a fast method for handling
precast members.
Do not use either device if shear loading conditions
exist.

ProprietaryDevices
A variety of castings
or stock steel
devices, machined
to accept
specialized lifting
assemblies are used
in the precast
industry

ProprietaryDevices
These proprietary devices are usually recessed (using a pocket former)
to provide access to the lifting unit. The recess allows one panel to be
placed against another without cutting off the lifting device, and also
helps prevent spalling around the device
Longer devices are used for edge lifting or deep precast concrete
members
Shallow devices are available for thin precast concrete members.

ProprietaryDevices

The longer devices

usually engage a
reinforcing bar to
provide greater pullout
capacity, and often have
holes for the bar to pass
through as shown to the
left

ProprietaryDevices
These units have a rated capacity as
high as 22 tons, with reductions for thin
panels or close edge distances
Supplemental reinforcement may be
required to achieve these values
Shallow units usually have a spread
foot or base to increase pullout capacity

ProprietaryDevices
Reinforcing bars are required in two directions over the base to fully develop the lifting unit, as
shown in Figure below

These inserts are

rated up to 8 tons

ProprietaryDevices

Some lifting eyes do not swivel, so rotation may be

a concern
In all cases manufacturer recommendations
should be rigorously followed when using any of
these devices

WallPanelExample

This example and others in Chapter 5 illustrate the

use of many of the recommendations in this chapter
They are intended to be illustrative and general only
Each manufacturer will have its own preferred
methods of handling

WallPanelExample
Given:
A flat panel used as a loadbearing wall on a two-story
structure, as shown on next slide
Section properties (nominal dimensions are used for
design):
Solid panel
Panel with openings
A = 960 in2
A = 480 in2
Sb = St = 1280 in3
Sb = St = 640 in3
Ix = 5120 in4
Ix = 2560 4 in4
Unit weight @ 150 pcf = 100 psf = 0.100 ksf
Total weight = 35.2 kips (solid panel)
= 29.2 kips (panel w/ openings)

WallPanelExample

WallPanelExample

Stripping method:
Inside crane height prevents panel from being
turned on edge directly in mold, therefore, strip flat

Handling multipliers:
Exposed flat surface has a smooth form finish with
false joints. Side rails are removable. Use
multiplier of 1.4

WallPanelExample
fci at stripping = 3000 psi
Allowable tensile stresses at stripping and lifting:

Problem:
Check critical stresses involved with stripping. Limit stresses
to 0.274 ksi.
Compare Simple Solution to Mechanics Solution

SolutionSteps
Step 1 Determine section properties
Step 2 Select number of pick points and
determine maximum stress
Step 3 Determine stress from mechanic
approach
Step 4 Check panel with opening
Step 5 Check rolling block solution
Step 6 Check transverse bending
Step 7 Check secondary effects

Step1DetermineSectionProperties

Solid panel dimensions

a = 10 ft, b = 35.2 ft, a/2 = 5 ft = 60 in.

S for resisting section (half of panel width)

b

Step24pointpick
Figure 5.36.1.1(a) (page 5-5)

My

Step2CheckStresses

4 Point Stresses
ft

Not Good try 8 point pick

Step28PointPick
Figure 5.3.1.1(b) (Page 5-5)

My

Step2CheckStresses

8 Point Stresses
ft

Step3MechanicsofMaterials

Step4PanelWithOpenings

ft

Step5RollingBlocks
If using a rolling block for handling as shown below,
the panel cannot be analyzed with the previous
method
Each leg of continuous cable over a rolling block
must carries equal load

Step5RollingBlock
w

Step6TransverseBending
Consider lower portion of panel with openings
Note that Figure Without the concrete in the area of the
opening, the weight is reduced and unevenly distributed.
Also, the resisting section is limited to a width of 4.7 ft.

Step6TransverseBending
Section through lifters:
w2

From continuous beam

analysis, load carried by
bottom two anchors is 7.2
kips, therefore:
w1

Step7SecondaryEffects
Check added moment due to sling angle
Using recessed proprietary lifting anchor
e = 3.5 in
sling angle

Step7SecondaryEffects
Resisting Section

Therefore Section is OK

PrestressedWallExample
Given:
Same wall
panel as
previous
example

PrestressedWallExample
Problem:
Determine required number of 1/2 in diameter, 270 ksi
strands pulled to 28.9 kips to prevent cracking in window
panel. Assume 10% loss of prestress.
From previous example, tensile stress is 0.431 ksi. The
desired level of tensile stress is 5 3000 psior 0.274 ksi

SolutionSteps

Step 1 Determine additional

compressive Required
Step 2 Determine the number of
strands
required based on stress
Step 3 Calculate the number of strands

Step1AdditionalCompressive

Compressive stress required

0.431 0.274 = 0.157 ksi

Step2#OfStrandsBasedOnStress
From previous the max moment/stress occurs at lifting
points (-M). This results in tensile stresses on the top
face.

Step3NumberofStrands

0.060(no. of strands) 0.019(no. of strands) = 0.157 ksi

No. of strands = 3.8

Add four strands to panel (two on each side of opening)

Storage

Wherever possible, a member should be

stored on points of support located at or near
those used for stripping and handling
Where points other than those used for
stripping or handling are used for storage, the
storage condition must be checked

Storage
If support is provided at more than two points,
and the design is based on more than two
supports, precautions must be taken so that
the element does not bridge over one of the
supports due to differential support settlement

Storage
Warpage in storage may be caused by
temperature or shrinkage differential between
surfaces
creep
storage conditions

Warpage can only be minimized by providing

Where feasible, the member should be
oriented in the yard so that the sun does not
overheat one side

Storage
By superposition, the total instantaneous deflection,
ymax , at the maximum point can be estimated by:

ymax

Ic , Ib = moment of
inertia of
uncracked section
in the respective
directions for 1
in. width of panel

Storage

This instantaneous deflection should be modified by a factor to account for the

time dependent effects of creep and shrinkage
ACI 318-02 suggests the total deformation yt, at any time can be estimated as:

yt

Storage
= amplification due to creep and shrinkage as a
function of (reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed
compression
reinforcement,
As/bt)

Transportation
The method used for transport can affect the
structural design because of size and weight
limitations and the dynamic
Except for long prestressed deck members, most
products are transported on either flatbed or lowboy trailers
Trailers deform during hauling
Size and weight limitations vary from one state to
state
Loads are further restricted on secondary roads
The common payload for standard trailers
without special permits is 20 tons.

Transportation

Low-boy trailers permit the height to be increased to about 10 to 12 ft.

However they have a have a shorter bed length.
This height may require special routing to avoid low overpasses and overhead wires

Transportation
Erection is simplified when members are transported in the same orientation they will have in the
structure
For example, single-story wall panels can be transported on A-frames with the panels upright
A-frames also provide good lateral support and the desired two points of vertical support

Transportation
Longer units can be transported
on their sides to take advantage
of the increased stiffness
compared with flat shipment

Transportation
In all cases, the panel support locations should be consistent with the panel design
Panels with large openings sometimes require strongbacks, braces or ties to keep
stresses within the design values

Transportation

For members not symmetrical with respect to the bending axis, the following
expressions can be used for determining the location of supports to give equal
tensile stresses for positive and negative bending moments

Transportation
For one end cantilevered

Where
yb = distance from the bending axis to the bottom fiber
yt = distance from the bending axis to the top fiber

Transportation
For two ends cantilevered

Where
yb = distance from the bending axis to the bottom fiber
yt = distance from the bending axis to the top fiber

Erection
Precast concrete members frequently must be
reoriented from the position used to transport
to its final construction position
The analysis for this tripping (rotating)
operation is similar to that used during other
handling stages
In chapter 5 in the PCI handbook, maximum
moments for several commonly used tripping
techniques are illustrated

TrippingDesignGuide

Erection
When using two crane lines, the center of
gravity must be between them in order to
prevent a sudden shifting of the load while it
is being rotated
To ensure that this is avoided, the stability
condition shown must be met:

Erection
The capacities of lifting devices must be checked
for the forces imposed during the tripping
operation, since the directions vary
When rotating a panel with two crane lines, the
pick points should be located to prevent the panel
from an uncontrolled roll on the roller blocks can
be done by slightly offsetting the pick point
locations to shift the weight toward the upper
crane line lift points, or by using chain drags on
the rolling block

ErectingWallPanelsExample
Given:
The wall panels with
openings used on
previous examples
Problem:
Determine appropriate
procedures for erecting
the wall panels with
openings, panel will be
shipped flat

ErectingWallPanelsExample
Assumptions
Limit stresses to 5 f 'c (0.354 ksi).
Crane has main and auxiliary lines.
A telescoping man lift is available on site.
Solution:
Try three-point rotation up using stripping inserts and
rolling block: To simplify, conservatively use solid panel
(no openings) to determine moments.

ErectingWallPanelsExample
W

ErectingWallPanelsExample
R T
In Horizontal Position

MMAX

Therefore, 3 point pick not adequate

ErectingWallPanelsExample
Knowing from the stripping analysis
that a four-point pick can be used,
the configurations shown here may
be used
However, this rigging may become
unstable at some point during
tripping, i.e., continued rotation
without tension in Line A
Therefore, the lower end of the
panel must stay within inches of the
ground to maintain control.

ErectingWallPanelsExample

Because the previous configuration

requires six rolling blocks and can be
cumbersome, the method shown on the
following slide may be an alternative

ErectingWallPanelsExample

ErectionBracingIntroduction
This section deals with the temporary bracing which
may be necessary to maintain structural stability of a
precast structure during construction
When possible, the final connections should be used
to provide at least part of the erection bracing, but
additional bracing apparatus is sometimes required
to resist all of the temporary loads

ErectionBracingIntroduction
These temporary loads may include wind, seismic,
eccentric dead loads including construction loads,
unbalanced conditions due to erection sequence
and incomplete connections Due to the low
probability of design loads occurring during
erection, engineering judgment should be used to
establish a reasonable design load

ErectionBracingResponsibilities
Proper planning of the construction process is essential for
efficient and safe erection
Sequence of erection must be established early, and the
effects accounted for in the bracing analysis and the
preparation of shop drawings
The responsibility for the erection of precast concrete may
vary as follows:
(see also ACI 318-02 Section 10.3)

ErectionBracingResponsibilities

The precast concrete manufacturer supplies the

product erected, either with his own forces, or by an
independent erector
The manufacturer is responsible only for supplying the
product, F.O.B. plant or jobsite
Erection is done either by the general contractor or by
an independent erector under a separate agreement

ErectionBracingResponsibilities
The products are purchased by an independent erector who
has a contract to furnish the complete precast concrete
package.
Responsibility for stability during erection must be clearly
understood.
Design for erection conditions must be in accordance with all
local, state and federal regulations. It is desirable that this
design be directed or approved by a Professional Engineer

ErectionBracingResponsibilities
It is desirable that this design be directed or approved by a
Professional Engineer
Erection drawings define the procedure
on how to assemble the components into the final structure
The erection drawings should also address the stability of
the structure during construction and include temporary
connections

ErectionBracingResponsibilities
When necessary, special drawings may be required
to include shoring, guying, bracing and specific
erection sequences
It is desirable that this design be directed or
approved by a Professional Engineer
Erection drawings define the procedure
on how to assemble the components into the final
structure

ErectionBracingResponsibilities
The erection drawings should also address the stability of the structure
during construction and include temporary connections
When necessary, special drawings may be required to include shoring,
guying, bracing and specific erection sequences

ErectionBracingResponsibilities

For large and/or complex projects, a pre-job conference prior to

the preparation of erection drawings may be warranted, in order
to discuss erection methods and to coordinate with other trades

HandlingEquipment
The type of jobsite handling equipment
selected may influence the erection sequence,
and hence affect the temporary bracing
requirements
Several types of erection equipment are
available, including truck-mounted and crawler
mobile cranes, hydraulic cranes, tower cranes,
monorail systems, derricks and others
The PCI Recommended Practice for Erection
of Precast Concrete provides more information
on the uses of each.

SurveyingandLayout
Before products are shipped to the jobsite, a field check of the project is recommended to ensure that prior
construction is suitable to accept the precast units
This check should include location, line and grade of bearing surfaces, notches, blockouts, anchor bolts,
cast-in hardware, and dimensional deviations
Site conditions such as access ramps, overhead electrical lines, truck access, etc., should also be checked

SurveyingandLayout
Any discrepancies between actual conditions and those shown on drawings should be addressed before erection is
started
Surveys should be required before, during and after erection:
Before, so that the starting point is clearly established and any potential difficulties with the support structure are determined early.
During, to maintain alignment.
After, to ensure that the products have been erected within tolerances.

LoadsonStructure
The publication Design Loads on Structures During Construction (SEI/ASCE 37-02) provides
minimum design loads, including wind, earthquake and construction loads and load
combinations for partially completed structures and structures used during construction
In addition to working stress or strength design using loads from the above publication, the
designer must consider the effect of temporary loading on stability and bracing design

TemporaryLoadingExamples
Columns with eccentric loads from other framing
members produce sidesway which means the
columns lean out of plumb
A similar condition can exist when
cladding panels are erected on one
side of a multistory structure

TemporaryLoadingExamples

Unbalanced loads due to partially complete

erection may result in beam rotation
The erection drawings should address these
Conditions

TemporaryLoadingExamples
Some solutions are:
Install wood wedges
between flange of tee
and top of beam
Use connection to
columns that prevent
rotation
Erect tees on both
sides of beam
Prop tees to level
below

TemporaryLoadingExamples
Rotations and deflections of framing members may
be caused by cladding panels. This may result in
alignment problems and require connections that
allow for alignment adjustment after all panels are
erected

TemporaryLoadingExamples

If construction equipment such as concrete buggies, man-lifts, etc., are

to be used, information such as wheel loads and spacing should be
conveyed to the designer of the precast members and the designer of
the erection bracing

FactorsofSafety

Suggested safety factors are shown

Bracing inserts cast into precast members

Reusable hardware

Lifting inserts

BracingEquipmentandMaterials
For most one-story and
two-story high
components that require
bracing, steel pipe
braces similar to those
shown are used

BracingEquipmentandMaterials
Proper anchoring of the braces to the precast
members and deadmen must be considered
When the pipe braces are in tension, there may
be significant shear and tension loads applied
to the deadmen
Properly designed deadmen are a requirement
for safe bracing
Cable guys with turnbuckles are normally used
for taller structures

BracingEquipmentandMaterials
Since wire rope used in cable guys can resist only
tension, they are usually used in combination with
other cable guys in an opposite direction
Compression struts, which may be the precast
concrete components, are needed to complete
truss action of the bracing system
A number of wire rope types are available
Note that capacity of these systems is often
governed by the turnbuckle capacity

GeneralConsiderations
Careful planning of the erection sequence is important
This plan is usually developed by a coordinated effort
involving the general contractor, precast erector,
precaster production and shipping departments and a
structural engineer
A properly planned erection sequence can reduce
bracing requirements
For example, with wall panel systems a corner can first
be erected so that immediate stability can be achieved

GeneralConsiderations
Similar considerations for shear wall structures can
also reduce bracing requirements
All parties should be made aware of the necessity of
closely following erection with the welded diaphragm
connections
This includes the diaphragm to shear wall connections

GeneralConsiderations

In order for precast erection to flow smoothly:

The site access and preparation must be ready

The to-be-erected products must be ready
Precast shipping must be planned
The erection equipment must be ready
Bracing equipment and deadmen must be ready

Questions?