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GROWTH

CHARACTERISTICS OF
POWER SYSTEM

Growthrefers to a positive change in size, often over a period


of time. Growth can occur as a stage of maturation or a process
toward fullness or fulfillment.
Inphysicsandengineering, any characteristic curve that
shows the relationship between certain input and output
parameters
Anelectric power systemis a network of electrical
components used to supply, transmit and use electric power

GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

ENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY


Electricitygenerationis
the
process
ofgeneratingelectricpowerfrom other sources of primary
energy.
The
fundamental
principles
of
electricitygenerationwere discovered during the 1820s and
early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday

Types of Generation:1. Thermal-

In Thermal Power Station fuel burns & use the resultant to


make the steam, which derives the turbo generator. The
Fuel i.e. coal is burnt in pulverized from. The pressure
energy of the steam produce is converted into mechanical
energy with the help of turbine. The mechanical energy is
fed to the generator where the magnet rotate inside a set
of stator winding & thus electricity is produced inIndia65%
of total power is generated by thermal power stations. To
understand the working of the Thermal Power Station plant,
we can divide the whole process into following parts.

2. HydroHydroelectricityis the term referring toelectricitygenerated


byhydropower; the production of electrical power through
the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
It is the most widely used form ofrenewable energy,
accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation
3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010,and is
expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25
years.

3. NuclearAnuclear power plantis athermal power stationin which the


heat source is anuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional
thermalpower stationsthe heat is used to generate steam
which drives asteam turbineconnected to ageneratorwhich
produceselectricity. As of 23 April 2014, theIAEAreport there
are 435nuclear power reactors in operation operating in
31countries. Nuclear power plants are usually considered to
bebase loadstations, since fuel is a small part of the cost of
production.

4. Wind Power
GenerationWind poweris the conversion ofwindenergyinto a useful
form
of
energy,
such
as
usingwind
turbinesto
produceelectrical
power,windmillsfor
mechanical
power,windpumpsforwater pumpingordrainage, orsailsto
propelships

5. Geothermal power generationGeothermal


electricityiselectricity
generatedfromgeothermal energy. Technologies in use
include dry steam power stations, flash steam power
stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal
electricity generation is currently used in 24 countries, while
geothermal heatingis in use in 70 countries

RANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
Old Concept:1. Over headAnoverhead power lineis a structure used inelectric
power transmissionto transmit electrical energy along
large
distances.
It
consists
of
one
or
moreconductors(commonly multiples of three) suspended
bytowersorpoles. Since most of theinsulationis provided
by air, overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost
method of power transmission for large quantities of
electric energy

2. UndergroundElectric power can also be transmitted byunderground


power cablesinstead of overhead power lines. Underground
cables take up less right-of-way than overhead lines, have
lower visibility, and are less affected by bad weather.
However, costs of insulated cable and excavation are much
higher than overhead construction. Faults in buried
transmission lines take longer to locate and repair.
Underground lines are strictly limited by their thermal
capacity, which permits less overload or re-rating than
overhead lines. Long underground AC cables have significant
capacitance, which may reduce their ability to provide useful
power to loads beyond 50 miles. Long underground DC
cables have no such issue and can run for thousands of
miles.

New Concept:1. HVDC Line-

Ahigh-voltage,
direct
current(HVDC)electric
power
transmissionsystem
usesdirect
currentfor
the
bulk
transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more
commonalternating current(AC) systems.For long-distance
transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and
suffer lower electrical losses. Forunderwater power cables,
HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and
discharge the cablecapacitanceeach cycle. For shorter
distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment
compared to an AC system may still be warranted, due to
other benefits of direct current links

2. FACTS LineAflexible alternating current transmission system(FACTS) is a


system
composed
of
static
equipment
used
for
theACtransmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability of the
network. It is generally apower electronics-based system.
FACTS is defined by theIEEEas "a power electronic based
system and other static equipment that provide control of one
or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability."
According to Siemens "FACTS Increase the reliability of AC grids
and reduce power delivery costs. They improve transmission
quality and efficiency of power transmission by supplying
inductive or reactive power to the grid.

ISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY


Anelectric power distribution systemis the final stage in
thedeliveryofelectric power; it carries electricity from
thetransmission systemto individual consumers. Distribution
substations connect to thetransmission systemand lower the
transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between
2kVand
35kV
with
the
use
oftransformers.Primarydistribution lines carry this medium
voltage power todistribution transformerslocated near the
customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the
voltage to theutilization voltageof household appliances and
typically
feed
several
customers
throughsecondarydistribution
lines
at
this
voltage.
Commercial and residential customers are connected to the
secondary distribution lines throughservice drops. Customers
demanding a much larger amount ofpowermay be connected
directly
to
the
primary
distribution
level
or
thesubtransmissionlevel.

Five Main Grid connected in india:-

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