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I
M
A
T
I
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MK-4
INTRODUCTION
RABIA MEHMOOD & NIAESH JAWED
CHEMISTRY (MENAQUINONE-4)
Vitamin K2 is part of a family of structurally similar fat-soluble, 2-methyl-1,4naphthoquinones derivatives that include phylloquinone (K1), menaquinones (K2),
and menadione (K3) that are needed for the posttranslational modification of
certain proteins required for blood coagulation and in metabolic pathways in bone
and other tissue.
These vitamin K2homologs are called menaquinones, and are characterized by the
number of isoprenoid residues in their side chains. Menaquinone-4 (abbreviated MK-4)
has four isoprene residues in its side chain.
SAR
naphthoquinone core is the structural motif responsible
for the neuroprotective activity and found that amine
substitution at the 2 carbon greatly enhanced the
protective activity. The further addition of a benzyl
group to the 2 amine improved the safety index of the
compound by completely abolishing anyin
vitroneurotoxicity, and chloro substitution at
themetaposition of the aromatic ring further improved
the protective potency of the compound.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Themechanism of actionof vitamin K2 is similar to
vitamin K1. K vitamins play an essential role as
cofactor for the enzyme -glutamyl carboxylase,
which is involved in carboxylation of the vitamin Kdependent proteins specifically, the conversion of
peptide-boundglutamic acid(Glu) to -carboxy
glutamic acid (Gla).
PHARMACOKINETICS
ABSORPTION:
STORAGE:
Vitamin K is stored in liver. Also present in significant amount in spleen and skeletal muscle
TRANSPORT:
Vitamin K released to the blood stream and transported in the blood by associating with beta-lipoproteins (LDL )
INDICATIONS (MENAQUINONE-4)
Protecting Bone and Arterial Health with Vitamin K2
Vitamin K2
supports the
development and
maintenance of
bones and teeth
by enhancing
calcium and
phosphorus
absorption and
use.
Vitamin K2 is
essential for
correct calcium
metabolism: It
keeps calcium
where it belongs in the bones and
out of the blood
vessels
higher dietary
intake of vitamin
K2, especially the
MK-4 fraction, is
associated with a
reduced risk of
coronary
calcification
(plaque build-up)
and mortality
(death) from
coronary heart
disease.
Research suggests
that vitamin K2
supplementation
has a greater
effect in reducing
the risk of
coronary
calcification and
mortality from
coronary heart
disease compared
to vitamin K1.
OTHER INDICTAIONS
HINA AHMED
D I A B E T E S
A N T I O X I D A N T
MENAQUINONE-4 DEFICIENCY
NABA ABBAS
DEFICIENCY (MENAQUINONE-4)
Itis very rare and occurs when there is an inability to absorb thevitaminfrom the intestinal
tract.
Vitamin K deficiency can also occur after prolonged treatment with oral antibiotics.
Deficiencyis often the result of impaired absorption rather than not getting enough in the diet.
Prolonged use of antibiotics can also cause a low level of this vitamin because they destroy some of
the bacteria in the gut that help to produce vitamin K.
Newborns are at risk for vitamin K deficiency.
This is because their digestive tracts contain no vitamin K-producing bacteria.
Vitamin K deficiency in adults is rare. When it occurs, it is found in people with diseases that
prevent the absorption of fat. These diseases include cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and
cholestasis sometimes.
There is no
documented
case of
toxicity for
menaquinone
The European
Food Safety
Authoritys
safety
assessment of
menaquinone
concluded that
low doses of
menaquinone
presented no
safety concerns.
It is often
postulated
that
excessive
vitamin K
may result in
over
coagulation,
i.e.
increased
thrombosis
risk.
Despite this, it is
critical to
demonstrate
that a high
intake of
menaquinones
does not
increase
thrombosis risk.
It was shown in
rats that
thrombosis risk
is not increased
at doses up to
250 mg/kg of
MK-4.
The thrombosis
risk may only
occur in
individuals using
coumarin-based
oral
anticoagulants,
for whom dietary
supplementation
with vitamin K
can influence
the stability of
the international
normalised ratio.
In new born
theres a
risk of
hemolysis
in jaundice.
Toxic effects
of vit A and D
are
exacerbated
in presence
of vit K or E
deficiency.