Group Members

1.Tanveer Anjum Qureshi Sb

2.Usman Javed

Topic: Deep Excavation

Outlines:
Introduction
Identification
Potential problem
Remedial measures
References

What is Excavation?
OSHA defines anexcavationas any manmade cut, cavity, trench, or depression in
the earth's surface formed by earth removal.

OHSA (Occupational Safety and Health

Administration)

Excavation is an important segment in foundation

engineering e.g. in the construction of the foundations
or basements of high rise building.

Deep Excavation
Adeep excavationis anexcavationin soil or rock typically
more than 15 ft. (4.5m)deep.Deep excavationsrequire
careful design & planning especially when constructed in
urban areas. Retaining wall and support system selection in
deep excavationscan have significant impact on time cost
and performance .It includes piles, shoring and underpinning.
Zc=2c/
Zc=Unsupported Length
C=Clay Cohesion
=Unit Weight

Under Pinning
Provide support to existing structure

Shoring
Shoring is a term used to describe a system that
functions to retain earth, water, and adjacent structures
when an excavation is required.

Waqood Tower Case Study

Waqood Tower is a twenty one floor tower with four
basements and covers a plot area of 3500 m2.
It includes the installation of diaphragm wall and
associated ground anchorage for earth retention system
followed by the excavation from existing ground level to
depth of 16m

Location of Waqood Tower

Work Description

Unit

Quantity

Diaphragm wall 800 mm

238

Ground anchors

No

Foundation piles of 900 mm

dia.

No

185

Foundation piles of 1200

mm dia.

No

79

Excavation

m3

225,000

IT Tower Lahore
IT Tower is a 24 storey high rise building; 18 super
storeys and 6 basements. It is located in Gulberg-3
Lahore surrounded by roads on two adjacent sides and
residential buildings on other two sides
Shoring piles of 2ft diameter and 3.5 ft c/c spacing was
designed. Five layers of anchors as per design were to
be constructed; anchoring angle was 15 degree and
length of anchors varied from 20-25 ft.
Depth of piles was 97 ft, and proposed depth of
excavation was 65 ft.
A tie beam of depth 1.5 ft, and width 2 ft, was provided
as shown in the next slide.

Identification
Physical Site Visit Includes
Field Test
Laboratory Test
How soil is tested????
A competent person must conduct visual and manual
soil tests before anyone enters an excavation. Visual and
manual tests are a critical part of determining the type of
protective system that will be used.

Field test
Observe the soil as it is excavated. Soil that remains in large clumps when
excavated may be cohesive. Soil that breaks up easily is granular.
Examine the particle sizes of excavated soil to determine how they hold
together.
Look for layers of different soil types and the angle of the layers in the face of
the excavation that may indicate instability.
Look for signs of previously disturbed soil from other construction or
excavation work.
Consider vibration from construction activity or highway traffic that may affect
the stability of the excavation.
Pile load test may also be done on site if it required

Pile Testing

Laboratory Test
The geotechnical investigation for the design of deep
excavation and shoring was based on field testing (SPT ASTM D1586) and relevant laboratory testing which
includes
Natural Moisture Content Determination (ASTM D2216)
Sieve analysis test (ASTM D422)
Direct shear test (ASTM D3080)
Unconfined compression test (ASTM D2166)
Atterberg limits test (ASTM D4318)

Potential Problems
Excavated material or other objects falling on workers
Exposure to underground services or overhead
electrical cables
Unstable adjacent structures
Mishandled or poorly placed materials
Hazardous atmosphere (noxious gases/lack of oxygen)
Incidents involving vehicles and other mobile
equipment

Remedial Measures

Conclusions & References

The faults observed in huge deep excavation design and
construction projects must be carefully analyzed for the benefit of
the researchers and engineers, including those responsible for the
success/failure so that these defects are taken care of in all
ongoing and future similar design and construction projects.

Puller. M. (2003), Deep Excavation: A practical Manual, 2 nd Edition.

Twine, D. And Roscoe, H.C.Temporary Propping of Deep
Excavations-Guidance on Design, CIRIA, C517 (1999).

Thanks You For

Listening