Ch01 Chemistry and The Atomic Molecular View of Matter

Chapter 1: Chemistry
and the
Atomic/Molecular
View of Matter
Chemistry: The Molecular
Nature of Matter, 6E
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Why Study Chemistry?

In every aspect of our modern life
Long life batteries
Materials & miniaturization
Cell phones/pagers
Laptops
Synthetic fibers
Dyes
CDs/DVDssilicon wafers
Medications
DNA sequencing
Touches all areas of science

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of
Chemistry and the Sciences

Chemistry
Study of matter & its transformations
Seeks answers to fundamental
questions about:
What makes up materials that compose our
world
How composition affects properties of
substances
How substances change when they interact
with each other = Chemical Reactions
Chemistry and the Sciences

Chemistry
Seeks to understand:
Underlying structures of matter
Forces that determine properties that we
observe
Apply this knowledge to:

Create new materials not found in nature
Understand fundamental biological
processes
Scientific Method
Approach to gathering information &
formulating explanations.
Scientists perform experiments in
laboratories under controlled conditions
1.Make observations/collect data
Empirical fact
Something we see, hear, taste, feel, or smell
Something we can measure in laboratory
Organize data so we can see relationships
Scientific Method
2. Law or Scientific Law
Broad generalization
Based on results of many experiments
Only states what happens
Doesnt explain why they happen
3. Hypothesis
Mental picture that explains observed laws

Tentative explanation of data
Make predictions
Devise experiments to test
Go back to laboratory & perform
Scientific Method
4. Theory
Tested explanation
of how nature
behaves
Devise further tests
Depending on
results, may have to
modify theory
Can never prove
theory is absolutely
correct
Scientific Method
Ex. Study gases
Discover Volume (V) of gas depends on
Pressure (P)
Temperature (T)
Amount (n)
Data
Recorded observations of relationship between V, P, T &
n
Law
R = constant
Kinetic Theory of Gases
PV nRT
Explains gas behavior (Ch 11)
Atomic Theory
Most significant theoretical model of nature
Atoms
Tiny submicroscopic particles
Make up all chemical substances
Make up everything in Macroscopic world
Smallest particle that has all properties of given
element
Composed of:
Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
Matter & Its Classifications

Matter
Anything that has mass & occupies space
Mass
How much matter given object has
Measure of objects momentum, or resistance
to change in motion
Weight
Force with which object is attracted by gravity
Ex. Mass vs. Weight

Astronaut on moon & on earth
Weight on moon = 1/6 weight on earth
Same mass regardless of location
10
Matter
Chemical Reactions
Transformations that alter chemical
compositions of substances
Decomposition
Chemical reaction where 1 substance
broken down into 2 or more simpler
substances
Ex.
Molten
sodium
chloride
Electric
current
Sodium
metal
+
chlorine gas
11
Elements
Substances that cant be decomposed into
simpler materials by chemical reactions
Substances composed of only 1 type of atom
Simplest forms of matter that we can work
with directly
More complex substances composed of
elements in various combinations
diamond = carbon
gold
sulfur
12
Chemical Symbols for

Chemical Symbol
Elements
One or two letter symbol for each element name

First letter capitalized, second letter lower case
Ex. C = carbon
Ca = calcium
Br = bromine
Cl = chlorine
S = sulfur
Ar = argon
H = hydrogen
O = oxygen
Used to represent elements in chemical formulas

Ex. Water = H2O
Carbon dioxide = CO2
Most based on English name

Some based on Latin or German names
13
Chemical Symbols
English
Name
Chemical
Symbol
Latin Name
Sodium
Potassium
Na
K
Kalium
Iron
Fe
Ferrum
Copper
Cu
Cuprum
Silver
Ag
Argentum
Gold
Au
Aurum
Mercury
Hg
Hydrargyrum
Antimony
Sb
Stibium
Tin
Sn
Stannium
Lead
Pb
Plumbum
Tungsten
Wolfram
Natrium
14
Compound
Formed from 2 or more atoms of
different elements
Always combined in same fixed ratios
by mass
Can be broken down into elements by
some chemical changes
Ex. Water decomposed to elemental
hydrogen & oxygen
Mass of oxygen =
8 mass of hydrogen
15
Pure Substance vs. Mixture

Pure substances
Elements and compounds
Composition always same regardless of source
Mixture
Can have variable compositions
Made up of two or more substances
Ex. CO2 in watervarying amounts of fizz in
soda
2 broad categories of mixtures:
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
16
Homogeneous Mixtures
Same properties throughout sample
Solution
Thoroughly stirred homogeneous mixture
Ex.
Liquid solution
Sugar in water
Gas solution
Air
Contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide & other gases
Solid solution
US 5 coin Metal Alloy
Contains copper & nickel metals
17
Is honey a mixture?
18
Heterogeneous Mixtures
2 or more regions of different properties
Solution with multiple phases
Separate layers
Ex.
Salad dressing
Oil & vinegar
Ice & water

Same composition
2 different physical states
19
Physical Change
No new substances formed
Substance may change state or the
proportions
Ex. Ice melting
Sugar or salt dissolving
Stirring iron filings & sulfur together
20
Chemical Change
or Chemical Reaction
Formation of new substance or compound
Involves changing chemical makeup of
substances
New substance has different physical
properties
Cant be separated by physical means
Ex.
Fools gold
Compound containing sulfur & iron
No longer has same physical properties
of free elements
Cant be separated using magnet
21
Learning Check:
For each of the following, determine if it
represents a Chemical or Physical
Change:
Chemic Physica
Magnesium burns when
heated
Magnesium metal tarnishes in
air
Magnesium metal melts at
922 K
Grape Kool-aid lightens when
water is added
al X
X
X
22
Classification of Matter
23
Learning Check:
Hot Ice
Whit
Classification
e
Table
Salt
Cocoa (H2O
Flour (NaCl)
)
Pure substance
X
X
Element
Compound
Molecule
Heterogeneous
Mixture
Homogeneous
Mixture
X
X
24
Law of Definite Proportions

In given compound, elements always
combine in same proportions by mass.
Ratio of masses of each element is fixed
for given compound
Implication:
Each atom has fixed specific mass
Ex. Fools gold, pyrite, iron (III) sulfide

Mass ratio always
1.00 g of Iron to 0.574 g of Sulfur
Ex. Water
Mass ratio always: 8 g O to 1 g H
25
Law of Conservation of Mass

No detectable gain or loss of mass
occurs in chemical reactions.
Mass is conserved.
Implication:
Reactions involve reorganization of
materials.
26
Learning Check: Chemical

Laws
Magnesium burns in oxygen to form
magnesium oxide. If 16.88 g of Mg are

consumed and 28.00 g of MgO are
produced, what mass of oxygen was
consumed?
28.00 g 16.88 g = 11.12g O
27
Learning Check: Chemical

In a sample of MgO, Laws
there are 16.89 g Mg and
11.11 g O. What mass of O would there be in a

sample that contains 2.00 g of Mg?
11.11 g O
X
16.89 g Mg 2.00 g Mg
11.11 g O 2.00 g Mg
X
16.89 g Mg
X = 1.32 g O
28
Daltons Atomic Theory

John Dalton
Developed underlying theory to explain
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Definite Proportions
Reasoned that if atoms exist, they have

certain properties
1.Matter consists of tiny particles called
atoms.
29
Daltons Atomic Theory (cont)

2. Atoms are indestructible.
In chemical reactions, atoms
rearrange but do not break apart.
3. In any sample of a pure element, all
atoms are identical in mass & other
properties.
4. Atoms of different elements differ in
mass & other properties.
5. In given compound, constituent atoms
are always present in same fixed
numerical ratio.
30
Proof Of Atoms
Early 1980s, use
Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM)
Surface can be
scanned for
topographical
information
Image for all matter
shows spherical
regions of matter
STM of palladium
Atoms
31
How Do We Visualize Atoms?

Atoms represented by
spheres
Different atoms have
different colors
Standard scheme given in
Fig. 1.11 is represented on
the right.
32
Molecules
Atoms combine to form more complex
substances
Discrete particles
Each composed of 2 or more atoms
Ex.
Molecular oxygen, O2
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Ammonia, NH3
Sucrose, C12H22O11
33
Chemical Formulas
Specify composition of substance
Chemical symbols
Represent atoms of elements present
Subscripts
Given after chemical symbol
Represents relative numbers of each type of
atom
Ex.
Fe2O3 : iron & oxygen in 2:3 ratio
34
Chemical Formulas
Free Elements
Element not combined with another in
compounds
Just use chemical symbol to represent
Ex. Iron Fe
Sodium
Neon
Ne
Na AluminumAl
Diatomic Molecule
Molecules composed of 2 atoms each
Many elements found in nature
Ex. Oxygen
O2
Hydrogen H2
Nitrogen N2
Chlorine Cl2
35
Depicting Molecules
Want to show:
Order in which atoms are attached to each
other
3-dimensional shape of molecule
Three ways of visualizing molecules:

1. Structural formula
2. Ball-and-Stick model
3. Space filling model
36
1. Structural Formulas
Use to show how atoms are attached
Atoms represented by chemical symbols
Chemical bonds attaching atoms indicated
by lines
H
H2O
water
CH4
methane
37
3-D Representations of
Molecules
Hydroge
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Chlorine
n
molecule
molecule
molecule,
molecule
,
N2
Cl2
, touching
O2spheres to indicate molecules
Use
H2
Different colors indicate different elements

Relative size of spheres reflects differing sizes
of atoms
38
2. Ball-and-Stick Model
Spheres = atoms
Sticks = bonds
Methane,
CH4
Chloroform,
CHCl3
39
3. Space-Filling Model
Shows relative sizes of atoms
Shows how atoms take up space in molecule
Methane
CH4
Water
H2O
Chloroform,
CHCl3
40
More Complicated Molecules

Sometimes formulas contain
parentheses
How do we translate into a structure?
Ex. Urea, CO(NH2)2
Expands to CON2H4
Atoms in parentheses appear twice
Ball-andstick model
Space-filling
model
Chemistry:
The Molecular Nature of
41
Hydrates
Crystals that contain water molecules
Ex. plaster: CaSO42H2O calcium sulfate dihydrate
Water is not tightly held
Dehydration
Removal of water by heating
Remaining solid is anhydrous (without water)
Blue = CuSO4
5H2O
White =
CuSO4
42
Counting Atoms
1. Subscript following chemical symbol
indicates how many of that element
are part of the formula
No subscript implies a subscript of 1.
2. Quantity in parentheses is repeated a

number of times equal to the subscript
that follows.
3. Raised dot in formula indicates that the
substance is a hydrate
Number preceding H2O specifies how
many water molecules are present.
43
Counting Atoms
Ex. 1 (CH3)3COH
Subscript 3 means 3 CH3 groups
So from(CH3)3, we get 3 1C = 3C
3 3H = 9H
#C = 3C + 1C = 4 C
#H = 9H + 1H = 10 H
#O = 1 O
Total # of atoms = 15 atoms
44
Counting Atoms
Ex. 2 CoCl2 6H2O
The dot 6H2O means you multiple both
H2 & O by 6
So there are:
#H
6 2 = 12 H
#O
61= 6O
#Co
1 1 = 1 Co
#Cl
2 1 = 2 Cl
Total # of atoms = 21 atoms
45
Your Turn!
Count the number of each type of atom
in the chemical formula given below
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
Na2CO3
(NH4)2SO4 b.
Mg3(PO4)2 c.
CuSO45H2Od.
(C2H5)2N2H2 e.
___Na,
___
2
1 C, ___
3 O
2
8
1
4
___N,
___H,
___S,
___O
3
2
8
___Mg,
___P,
___O
9
10
1
1
___Cu,
___S,
___O,
___H
12 ___N
4
2
___C,
___H,
46

We now have the tools to explain this
theory & its consequences
All molecules of compound are alike &
contain atoms in same numerical ratio.
Ex. Water, H2O
Ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is 1 : 2
1 O atom : 2 H atoms in each molecule
O weighs 16 times as much as H
1 H = 1 mass unit
1 O = 16 mass units
47
Atoms in Fixed Ratios by

Mass
For water in general:

mass O = 8 mass H
Regardless of amount of water present
48

Successes:
Explains Law of Conservation of Mass
Chemical reactions correspond to rearranging
atoms.
Explains Law of Definite Proportions

Given compound always has atoms of same
elements in same ratios.
Predicted Law of Multiple Proportions

Not yet discovered
Some elements combine to give 2 or
more compounds
Ex. SO2 & SO3
49
Law Of Multiple Proportions

When 2 elements form more than one
compound, different masses of one
element that combine with same mass
of other element are always in ratio of
small whole numbers.
Atoms react as complete (whole)
particles.
Chemical formulas
Indicate whole numbers of atoms
Not fractions
50
Using Law Of Multiple

Proportions
sulfur
sulfur
Mass S
Mass O
dioxide
32.06 g
32.00 g
trioxide
32.06 g
48.00 g
Use this data to prove law of

multiple proportions
51
Law of Multiple Proportions

Compound Sample Mass of Mass of
Size
Sulfur
Oxygen
Sulfur
dioxid
e
Sulfur
64.06 g 32.06 g 32.06 g
trioxid
e
Ratio of
80.06 g 32.06 g 48.00 g
O in SO3 48.00g 3
O in SO2 36.00g 2
52
Molecules Small and Large

So far weve only discussed small
molecules
Some are very large, especially those
found in nature
Same principles apply to all
Ex. DNA - short segment
53
How Do We Know Formulas?

Hardly out of the blue
Dont know formula when compound 1 st
isolated
Formulas & structures backed by
extensive experimentation
Use results of experiments to determine
Formula
Chemical reactivity
Molecular Shape
Can speculate once formula is known
Determine from more experiments
54
Visualizing Mixtures
Look at mixtures at atomic/molecular level
Different color spheres stand for 2
substances
a. Homogeneous mixture/solution uniform
mixing
b. Heterogeneous mixture 2 phases
a.
b.
55
Chemical Reactions
When 1 or more
substances react to form 1
or more new substances
Ex. Reaction of methane,
CH4, with oxygen, O2, to
form carbon dioxide, CO2, &
water, H2O.
Reactants = CH4 & O2
Products = CO2 & H2O
How to depict?
Words too long
Pictures too awkward
56
Chemical Equations
Use chemical symbols & formulas to
represent reactants & products.
Reactants on left hand side
Products on right hand side
Arrow ( ) means reacts to yield
Ex. CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
Coefficients
Numbers in front of formulas
Indicate how many of each type of
molecule reacted or formed
Equation reads methane & oxygen
react to yield carbon dioxide & water
57
Conservation of Mass in
Mass can neither
be created nor destroyed
Reactions
This means that there are the same number of

each type of atom in reactants & in products of
reaction
If # of atoms same, then mass also same
CH4 + 2O2
2O4O + C
42H
H+
+C
CO2 +
4 H + 4O
58
Balanced Chemical Equation

Ex.
2C4H10 + 13O2
10H2O
4 C & 10
H per
molecule
2 O per
molecul
e
8CO2 +
1C&2O
per
molecule
2H&1O
per
molecule
Subscripts
Define identity of substances
Must not change when equation
is balanced
59
Balanced Chemical Equation

Ex.
2C4H10 + 13O2
2
molecules
of C4H10
13
molecules
of O2
Coefficients
8CO2 + 10H2O
8
molecules
of CO2
10
molecules
of C4H10
Number in front of formulas

Indicate number of molecules of each type
Adjusted so # of each type of atom is
same on both sides of arrow
Can change
60
Balanced Chemical Equations

How do you determine if an equation is
balanced?
Count atoms
Same number of each type on both sides of
equation?
If yes, then balanced
If no, then unbalanced
Ex. 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

Reactants
Products
24 = 8 C
81 = 8 C
210 = 20 H 102 = 20 H
132 = 26 O (82)+(101)= 26 O
61
Learning Check
Fe(OH)3 + 2 HNO3
Fe(NO3)3 + 2 H2O
Reactants
Fe
1
Products
1
3 + (23) = 9
(33) + 2 = 11
3+2=5
(22) = 4
3
Not Balanced
Only Fe has same number of atoms
on either side of arrow.
62
Your Turn!
How many atoms of each element
appear on each side of the arrow in the
following equation?
4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O
Reactants
Products
N (4 1) = 4
(2 2) = 4
O (3 2) = 6
(6 1) = 6
H (4 3) = 12 (6 2) = 12
63
Your Turn!
Count the number of atoms of each element
on both sides of the arrow to determine
whether the following equation is balanced.
2(NH4)3PO4 + 3Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba3(PO4)2 + 6NH4C2H3O2
N
H
O
P
Reactants
(2 3) = 6
(234)+(332) =
42
(24) + (322) =
20
(2 1) = 2
Ba (3 1) = 3
Products
(6 1) = 6
(64) + (63) =
42
(24) + (62) =
20
(2 1) = 2
(3 1) = 3
64

Ch01 Chemistry and The Atomic Molecular View of Matter

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Ch01 Chemistry and The Atomic Molecular View of Matter

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Chapter 1: Chemistry

Why Study Chemistry?

Touches all areas of science

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry and the Sciences

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry and the Sciences

Apply this knowledge to:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Mental picture that explains observed laws

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Explains gas behavior (Ch 11)

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Matter & Its Classifications

Ex. Mass vs. Weight

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemical Symbols for

One or two letter symbol for each element name

Used to represent elements in chemical formulas

Most based on English name

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Pure Substance vs. Mixture

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Ice & water

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Law of Definite Proportions

Ex. Fools gold, pyrite, iron (III) sulfide

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Law of Conservation of Mass

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Learning Check: Chemical

magnesium oxide. If 16.88 g of Mg are

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Learning Check: Chemical

11.11 g O. What mass of O would there be in a

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Daltons Atomic Theory

Reasoned that if atoms exist, they have

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Daltons Atomic Theory (cont)

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

How Do We Visualize Atoms?

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Three ways of visualizing molecules:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of