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Assistant producers:
Farrokh Shoaei
Khayyam Farzullayev
NTNU
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
l ul l Sl
x
t
ul
kk rl Pl
l x
l o, w, g
Where:
Pcow Po Pw
Pcog Pg Po
Upstream
mobility term
l o, w, g
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
flow equations for the two phases flow with substituting Darcy's
equations will be:
kk ro Po
S o
qo
x o Bo x
t Bo
Boundary
Conditions
kk rw Pw
S w
qw
x w Bw x
t Bw
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
Where:
Pw Po Pcow
So Sw 1
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
the initial saturations present in the rock will normally be the result of a
drainage process at the time of oil accumulation.
Drainage process:
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Imbibition process:
SW = 1
oil
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
water
Pc
SW =SWir
Pc
Kr
Kr
Boundary
Conditions
water
oil
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
water
oil
Pcd
S
Swir
Sw
Swir
Swir
1-Sor
Swir
1-Sor
Sw
H ELP
Sw
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Txo i 1 ( Po i 1 Po i ) Txo i 1 ( Po i 1 Po i )
2
2
x o Bo x i
Discretization of
Flow Equations
kk rw Pw
Upstream
mobility term
Where:
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Oil transmissibility:
Txoi 1
2
Boundary
Conditions
Oil mobility:
2o i 1
xi 1 xi
xi
k
k
i
1
i
k ro
o Bo
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
QW
Sw
1
1-Sor
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
B.L with PC = 0
Swir
x
H ELP
In simulating this process, using a discrete grid block system, the results are
very much dependent upon the way the mobility term is approximated.
Two cases will be considered, using flow of oil between blocks i and i+1:
Upstream selection:
o i 1 o i
2
o i 1
2
Upstream
mobility term
xi o i xi 1o i 1
xi xi 1
QW
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Sw
1
1-Sor
Boundary
Conditions
B.L (PC = 0)
Upstream
IMPES Method
Weighted average
Swir
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
The deviation from the exact solution depends on the grid block sizes used.
For very small grid blocks, the differences between the solutions may become negligible.
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Sw
1
Discretization of
Flow Equations
1-Sor
B.L (PC = 0)
Small grid blockss
Upstream
mobility term
Swir
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
The flow rate of oil out of any grid block depends primarily on the relative permeability
to oil in that grid block.
IMPES Method
If the mobility selection is the weighted average, the block i may actually have reached
residual oil saturation, while the mobility of block i+1 still is greater than zero.
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
For small grid block sizes, the error involved may be small, but for blocks of practical
sizes, it becomes a significant problem.
Boundary
Conditions
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
S o
t Bo
Bo t
t Bo
By:
the right hand side of the oil equation thus may be written as:
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
S o
i (1 Swi ) cr d (1 / Bo)
Bo dPo
t
Cswoi
i
Boi ti
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
S w
Sw
Sw
t Bw Bw t
t Bw
Discretization of
Flow Equations
By:
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
S w
Boundary
Conditions
Where:
IMPES Method
Cpow i
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
C swwi
i Sw i
t
c r d (1 / Bw )
dPw
Bo
dPcow
i
C powi
Bwi t i dS w i
H ELP
Oil equation:
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Txoi 1 Poi 1 Poi Txoi 1 Poi 1 Poi qoi Cpooi Poi Poit Cswoi Swi Swit
2
Where:
Upstream
mobility term
Txoi 1
2
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
2oi 1
xi 1 xi
ki
ki 1
xi 1 xi
ki
ki 1
xi
oi 1 if Poi 1 Poi
oi if Poi 1 Poi
xi
o i 1 if Po i 1 Po i
o i if Po i 1 Po i
oi 1
2
2oi 1
Txoi 1
o i 1
2
Boundary
Conditions
Water equation:
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
Cpow i Po i Po it Cswwi Sw i Sw it
Transmissibility and mobility terms are the same as for oil equation,
except the subtitles are changed from o for oil to w for water.
H ELP
Boundary Conditions
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
1.
qwi
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
Qwi
Axi
At the end of a time step, the bottom hole injection pressure may
theoretically be calculated using the well equation:
Well constant
WCi
2ki h
r
ln e
rw
Drainage radius
re
yxi
H ELP
The fluid injected in a well meets resistance from the fluids it displaces also.
Well equation which is often used for the injection of water in an oil-water
system:
k ro k rwi
B
qinj
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Pbh
Time
Pmax
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
Time
H ELP
2.
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
By letting the hydrostatic pressure caused by the well filled with water control the
injection pressure.
oi wi ( Pwi Pbhi )
Bwi
Qwi WCi
Capillary
pressure
is neglected
Boi
oi wi ( Po i Pbhi )
Bwi
Qwi WCi
At the end of the time step, the above equation may be used to compute the
actual water injection rate for the step.
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
3.
qoi
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Qoi
Axi
The water equation will have a water production term given by:
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
(Pw i Pbhi )
qwi
qoi wi
oi (Po i Pbhi )
Capillary pressure in
neglected
Around the production
well
qwi qoi
wi
o i
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
the bottom hole production pressure for the well may be calculated using the well
equation for oil:
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Time
Pbh
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Pmin
Time
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
4.
q oi
Upstream
mobility term
oi
QLi
oi wi Axi
and
q wi
wi
QLi
oi wi Axi
qprod
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Total liquid
Oil
Water
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Time
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
5.
A case of constant surface water injection rate of Q winj in some grid block.
total production of liquids from a well in block i is to match the reservoir injection
volume so that the reservoir pressure remains approximately constant.
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
oi
qoi
oi Boi wi Bwi
Qwin Bwinj
Axi
and
wi
q wi
oi Boi wi Bwi
Qwinj Bw inj
Axi
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
6.
Production well in grid block i with constant bottom hole pressure, P bhi:
an
d
Discretization of
Flow Equations
qoi
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
and
qwi
WC i
(Pw i Pbhi )
Axi wi
The rate terms contain unknown block pressures, these will have
to be appropriately included in the matrix coefficients when
solving for pressures.
At the end of each time step, actual rates are computed by these
equations, and water cut is computed.
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
WC i
(Po Pbhi )
Axi oi i
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
IMPES Method
Txoi 1 Poi 1 Poi Txoi 1 Poi 1 Poi qoi Cpooi Poi Poit Cswoi Swi Swit
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Cpow i Po i Po it Cswwi Sw i Sw it
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Where:
i=1, , N
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
Assumption:
t
t
Txot , Txwt , C sot , C sw
, C tpo , C tpw , PCow
H ELP
The two equations are combined so that the saturation terms are
eliminated. The resulting equation is the pressure equation:
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
This equation may be solved for pressures implicitly in all grid blocks by
Gaussian Elimination Method or some other methods.
Swi Swit
1
C
t
swo i
xo
t
i 12
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
fws i
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Having obtained oil pressures and water saturations for a given time step, well rates or
bottom hole pressures may be computed as q wi, qoi and Pbh.
qwi
qwi qoi
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
The evaluation of coefficients at old time level when solving for pressures
and saturations at a new time level, puts restrictions on the solution which
sometimes may be severe.
Discretization of
Flow Equations
IMPES is mainly used for simulation of field scale systems, with relatively large
grid blocks and slow rates of change.
Upstream
mobility term
It is normally not suited for simulation of rapid changes close to wells, such as
coning studies, or other systems of rapid changes.
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
When time steps are kept small, IMPES provides accurate and stable
solutions to a long range of reservoir problems.
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Simulation examples
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Animation of Oil saturation, highest permeability layer at the top with one
water injection well in the left and one oil production well in right.
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
References
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP
Two phase
system (oil
water)
Oil-Water Relative
Permeabilities a
nd Capillary Press
ure
Author:
Discretization of
Flow Equations
Address:
Upstream
mobility term
Expansion of
Discretized
equations
Boundary
Conditions
NTNU
S.P. Andersensvei 15A
7491 Trondheim
Website: http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/~kleppe/
Email: kleppe@ipt.ntnu.no
Size:
Software required:
IMPES Method
Limitations of
the IMPES
method
FAQ
Simulation
R E Fexamples
ERENCES ABOUT
H ELP