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6H2O + 6 CO2
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the universal energy
carrier (currency) of the cell.
It is made from the nucleotide Adenosine
monophosphate (AMP). This nucleotide consists of
a ribose (5C) sugar, a nitrogenous base (adenine)
and a phosphate group.
AMP condenses with a phosphate group to produce
ADP, which subsequently condenses with a
phosphate group to produce ATP.
AMP + 2Pi ADP + Pi ATP
The energy used to add Pi to ADP comes from
oxidation of sugar
Respiration Contd
Respiration occurs in two phases:
glycolysis, which is the breakdown of
glucose to pyruvic acid
Kreb cycle, a process in which there is the
complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon
dioxide and water
In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
The Kreb cycle takes place in mitochondria.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway, which consists
of about 10 enzymatic steps.
It involves the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate (a
3C compound), and this is accompanied by the
net generation of 2 ATP molecules.
It takes place in the cytoplasm and does not
require the presence of oxygen.
Glycolysis is divided into three stages: 1.
Phosphorylation of glucose; 2. Lysis to produce
two 3C sugar phosphates;
3. Oxidation by dehydrogenation
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis Contd
Overall, two ATP molecules are used for
phosphorylation reactions, while four ATP
molecules are produced.
This results in a net gain of two ATP molecules.
The fate of pyruvate depends on the availability of
oxygen in the cell.
If oxygen is present, pyruvate will enter a
mitochondrion and get completely oxidized to CO 2
and water.
If oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate will be converted
to ethanol (yeast) or lactate (muscle).
Aerobic Respiration
In aerobic respiration, the pyruvate from glycolysis
is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and
water using oxygen (oxygen dependent stage).
In the first stage, pyruvate is broken down to
carbon dioxide and hydrogen. This takes place in
the matrix of the mitochondria via a series of
reaction called the Krebs Cycle.
In the second stage, hydrogen is oxidized by
oxygen to form water. This takes place by a
series of reaction in the mitochondria cristae
(electron transport chain).
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Kreb Cycle
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Acetyl
coA
Krebs
cycle
TOTAL
CO
2
ATP
NADH +
H+
10(NADH +
H+)
2(FADH +
H+)
6CO 4ATP
2
FADH +
H+
ATP
FADH+H+
Fe3+ Cu+
NADH Dehydrogenase
1/2O2
Cytochrome
Cytochrome
oxidase
NADH+H+
FAD+
Oxidized
Fe2+ Cu2+
H 2O
Reduced oxidized
ATP
Fe is a part of a haem group in the cytochrome protein
complex; while Cu is a part of a group of proteins called
cytochrome oxidase.
Entering
12H2 in the form of
10NADH + H+
2FADH + H+
TOTAL
Produced
30ATP +
10H2O
4ATP + 2H2O
Use
d
5O2
O2
34 ATP +
6O2
12Hof
2O3 ATP and H is
Each NADH results in production
released to be combined with O2 to form H2O.
Each FADH results in the production of 2 ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration
Many microorganisms use anaerobic respiration
as their major source of ATP.
Some bacteria have to live where there is low
levels of oxygen. They are called obligate
anaerobes.
Organisms such as yeast or tapeworm can
respire aerobically or anaerobically. They are
called facultative anaerobes.
Oxygen Debt
Oxygen debt (deficit) is the amount of
oxygen that was needed, but not
supplied from outside the body by
breathing.