BUILDING CLIMATOLOGY AND

SOLAR ARCHITECTURE

WARM HUMID ISLAND REGIONS

WARM HUMID ISLAND CLIMATE

Islands within the equatorial belt and in the trade wind zone belong to this
climate type. Typical examples are
The Caribbean
Philippines
Island groups of the pacific ocean

Characteristics
Air temperature- Daytime mean maximum of 29-32 degree Celsius.

Night time mean temperature of 18 24 degree

d
Celsius
Humidity
Relative humidity varies between 55-100 %
Vapour pressure Between 1750- 2500 N/sqm.
Precipitation
High;1250-1800 mm per annum.
Sky conditionsClear or filled with white broken clouds.
Luminance between 1700-2500 candela/sqm.
Wind Trade wind blows at a steady 6-7 m/sec. Much higher
H
velocities occur during cyclone.

Climatology
of
Manila, Philippines

MANILA,PHILIPPINES
LOCATION: 14 degree 35 minutes North, 121 degree east.
It is the capital city and is known as National Capital Region.
Area: 38.55 square kilometer (City)
Population: 1,652,171

There are three types of climate in Philippines.

They are:
Tropical rainforest
Tropical savanna
Tropical monsoon or Humid Subtropical (in higher altitude areas)
Manila belongs to the Tropical savanna climate.
There are two main seasons in Philippines.

Dry season and

Wet season.

AIR TEMPERATURE

Average temperature -26.6C (79.9F).

Cooler month - January (25.5C average temperature)
Hottest month - May (mean of 28.3C )
Elevation factors significantly in the variation of
temperature in the Philippines.
In Bagiou city, with an elevation of 1,500 m (5,000ft)
above sea level, the mean average is 18.3C (64.9F).

HUMIDITY
Humidity levels are usually very high all year round.
Dry season - December to May
wet season- during other times with slightly cooler
temperature.

PRECIPITATION
Manila is provided with an average of 2061mm(81.1 inch) rainfall per year or
171.8mm (6.8 inch) per month.
On an average there are 144 days per year with more than .1 mm (.004 inch) of
rainfall
``
The driest weather is in february when an average of 7mm (.3 inch) of
rainfall(precipitation) occurs.
The wettest weather as in August when an average of 474mm(18.7 inch) of
rainfall occurs.

Sunhours of Manila

Wind speed in Manila Philippines

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF HONOLULU

AIR TEMPERATURE

Temperatures at sea level generally range

from 8590F (2932C) during the
summer months to 7983F (2628C)
during the winter months.

Rarely does the temperature rise above

90F (32C) or drop below 65F (18C)
at lower elevations. Temperatures are
lower at higher altitudes; in fact.

The three highest mountains ofMauna

Kea,Mauna Loa, andHaleakaloften
receive snowfall during the winter.

One distinctive feature of Hawaiis

climate is the small annual variation in
temperature range.

There is only a slight variation in length

of night and day from one part of Hawaii
to another and because all its islands lie
within a narrowlatitudeband. the air
that reaches Hawaii is neither very hot
nor very cold.

WIND FLOW NEAR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

The Pacific High, and with it the tradewind zone, moves north and south with
changing angle of the sun, so that it
reaches its northernmost position in the
summer.

This brings trade winds during the period

of May through September, when they are
prevalent 80 to 95 percent of the time.

From October through April, the heart of

the trade winds moves south of Hawaii;
however, the winds still blow much of the
time.

They provide a system of natural yearlong ventilation throughout the islands

and
bring
mild
temperatures
characteristic of air that has moved great
distances across tropical waters.

HUMIDITY

The humidity averages for each

month are listed below for places
in Hawaii.

TheMorningrelative
humidity
percentages are for 7 am and
Afternoonlevels are for 1 pm
local standard time.

Relative humidity measures the

actual amount of moisture in the
air as a percentage of the
maximum amount of moisture
the air can hold.

PRECIPITATION

Over the ocean near Hawaii, rainfall

averages between 25 and 30 inches a year.

The islands receive as much as 15 times

that amount in some places and less than
one third of it in others.

This is caused mainly by orographic or

mountain rains, which form within the
moist trade wind air as it moves from the
sea over the steep and high terrain of the
islands.

Over the lower islands, the average rainfall

distribution resembles closely the
topographic contours.
Amounts are greatest over upper slopes
and crests and least in the leeward
lowlands.

MONTHLY
AVERAGE
PRECIPITATION
ANNUAL
AVERAGE
PRECIPITATION
IN HONOLULU

Hawaii's heaviest rains are come from winter storms between October and April.
While the effects of terrain on storm rainfall are not as great as on trade wind
showers, large differences over small distances do occur, because of topography and
location of the rain clouds. Differences vary with each storm .

SKY CONDITIONS AND CLOUD FORMATION

Inward areas tend to be cloudier during the

summer, when the trade winds and
associated clouds are more prevalent.

while leeward areas, which are less

affected by cloudy conditions associated
with trade wind cloudiness, tend to be
cloudier during the winter. In these
locations the sky is cloudy more than 70
percent of the time. The usual clarity of
the air in the high mountains is associated
with the low moisture content of the air .

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE HAVANA

HAVANA CLIMATE AND WEATHER

Location in Cuba
Coordinates:2308N8223
W
Country

Cuba

Province

La Habana

TEMPERATURE
Over

the course of a year, the temperature typically varies from16Cto32Cand is rarely below 11Cor above 34C.

Daily High and Low Temperature

The daily average low (blue)

and high (red) temperature.

warm

season-May 29toSeptember 26 ( average high of 31 degree Celsius).

seasonlasts fromDecember 6toFebruary 27(average daily high temperature of 27C).
coldest day of the year isJanuary 18, with an average low of16Cand high of26C.

cold
The

SOLAR RADIATION

The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year. The shortest day
isDecember 21with10:44 hoursof daylight; the longest day isJune 20with13:33
hoursof daylight.

Daily Hours of Daylight and Twilight

The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line), with various
degrees of daylight, twilight, and night, indicated by the color bands. From bottom
(most yellow) to top (most gray): full daylight, solar twilight (Sun is visible but less
than 6 from the horizon), civil twilight (Sun is not visible but is less than 6
below the horizon), nautical twilight (Sun is between 6 and 12 below the
horizon), astronomical twilight (Sun is between 12 and 18 below the horizon),
and full night.

CLOUD COVER TYPES

OnMarch 24, theclearest dayof the year, the sky isclear, mostly clear, or
partly cloudy49%of the time, andovercast or mostly cloudy11%of the time.
OnJune 22, thecloudiest dayof the year, the sky isovercast, mostly cloudy, or
partly cloudy33%of the time, andclear or mostly clear24%of the time.

The fraction of time spent in each of the five sky cover categories. From top
(most blue) to bottom (most gray), the categories are:
Clear
mostly clear
partly cloudy
mostly cloudy
overcast

PRECIPITATION
The probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout
the year. Precipitation is most likely aroundJuly 15, occurring in60%of days.
Precipitation is least likely around March 26, occurring in20%of days.

The fraction of days in which various types of precipitation are observed. If more
than one type of precipitation is reported in a given day, the more severe
precipitation is counted. For example, if light rain is observed in the same day as a
thunderstorm, that day counts towards the thunderstorm totals. The order of
severity is from the top down in this graph, with the most severe at the bottom.

HUMIDITY
The relative humidity typically ranges from50%(mildly humid) to97%(very
humid).
rarely dropping below37%(comfortable) and reaching as high as100%(very
humid).
Relative Humidity

The average daily high (blue) and low

(brown) relative humidity

WIND
Over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from0 m/sto8 m/s(calm to
moderate breeze), rarely exceeding11 m/s(strong breeze).
Thehighestaverage wind speed of4 m/s(gentle breeze) occurs aroundMarch 11, at
which time the average daily maximum wind speed is8 m/s(moderate breeze).
Thelowestaverage wind speed of2 m/s(light breeze) occurs aroundAugust 26, at
which time the average daily maximum wind speed is6 m/s(moderate breeze).

Wind Speed

The wind is most often out of thenorth east(16%of the time) andeast(15%of the
time). The wind is least often out of the west (1%of the time), south west (2%of the
time), and north west (2%of the time).

The average monthly wind

speeds
minimum (red)
maximum (green)
average (black)

REGIONAL VARIANCES IN THE CLIMATE

MANILA

LOCATION: western shore of

the
Philippines.
COORDINATES:14.5800
N,
v
121.0000 E

HONOLULU

LOCATION: Southern shore

b
of Oahu island,
c
Central pacific
ocean.
COORDINATES:21.3 N ; 157.81
W

HAVANA

LOCATION: La Habana
Cuba
COORDINATES:
2308N8223W

CITIES

HONOLULU

MANILA

HAVANA

AIR TEMPERATURE

Temperature range is very small.

Ranges from 20C32C.

Relatively Wide range of

temperature.
Rarely going below 20 degree
Celsius or above 38 degree Celsius.

Wide range of temperature.

rarely below 11Cor above 34C.

HUMIDITY

Varies throughout the

year.
Average relative % of
humidity in a year rages
from
58 70.
Mostly high.
Average relative % of
humidity in a year
ranges from 65 82.

Too high.
Average relative %
ranges around 80.

CITIES

HONOLULU

MANILA

HAWANA

PRECIPITATION

SKY CONDITION

This vary throughout the The sky is cloudy more

year and ranges from 20than 70% of the time
85mm
Precipitation is common
for first four month and
then varies for the
remaining months.
Ranges from 147-474mm

This has more sunny

days and remaining it is
cloudy
April month has more
sunny hours

This will vary through

This sky is cloudy more
out the year ranges from
than 70% of the time.
The sky is cloudiest on
20-60mm
Precipitation is high
june22 and clearest on
around July 15,
march 24
occurring in60%of days
and least around March
26, occurring in20%of
days.

CITIES
HONOLULU

MANILA

SHELTER

Architectural style: Hawaiian

Beaux-Arts
Flat roof
Rusticatedand raised first story.

Arched windows
Arched
andpedimenteddoors.
Hierarchy of spaces
ensures proper wind
circulation throughout
the house.

The climate here is tropical. The

architecture aims to achieve
thermal comfort through
overhangs, roof and wall
insulation.

Ventilation is achieved
through through passive
designs like sunshades,
cavity walls , light
shelves, etc.

It is generally hot and

sunny throughout the
The shape of BOHOS evolved from
year with only the cool
the first circular, square or
trade winds providing
rectangular single-unit dwellings to
some relief.
Hence the windows are
multi-space houses with gabled
roofs.
often large and placed
along the wind direction
to facilitate cooling.

HAVANA

VENTILATION

Traditional houses: BOHOS