Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Importance of Irrigation in
Developing Countries
Karina Schoengold and David
Zilberman
Water
millions)
Africa
Latin America
& the Caribbean
Asia & the Pacific
Western Asia
Total
54
381
20
20
12
26
97
627
10
1,115
Waterqualityconcernswaterborndiseases
Morbidity (episodes/year or
people infected)
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000 (people infected)
200,000,000 (people infected)
150,000 (in 1996)
150,000,000 (active cases)
400,000,000
1,750,000
114,000
275,000
72,800,000 (people infected)
17,700,000 (people infected;
270,000 blind)
Diarrheal Diseases
Intestinal Helminths
Schistosomiasis
Dracunculiasis
Trachoma
Malaria
Dengue Fever
Poliomyelitis
Trypanosomiasis
Bancroftian Filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Mortality (deaths/year)
3,300,000
100,000
200,000
1,500,000
20,000
130,000
. Social Concerns.
Waterborne diseases. Bad project planning resulted in
spread of malaria and other water born diseases as vector
spread in canal and dams.
Displacement of native populations. The development of
water projects in the last century has led to the displacement
of 40 80 million people. Compensation for these forced
changes has usually been minimal, if it occurs at all.
International conflicts and water supply. There are 261
rivers that cross international boundaries. The division of
water resources between countries can either be a source of
conflict or a reason for necessary cooperation. 162 treaties
were signed an implemented for cooperative water
management. Some major disputes ar not settled
Heterogeneity of water
There are differences in water availability within regions-in
Brazil,Mexico, California, Hawaii, Russia, there are
regions of floods and surpluses and deserts.
Differences in water availability over time matter - at the
same year you may have floods and shortages
Differences in water quality are crucial- consumption,
farming of various crops and production require minimum
quality.
Value and use of water dependent on
location
Time
Quality
Residential
Industrial
Agricultural
Forestry
Overview of irrigation
irrigated land has increased from 50 mha (million hectares) in 1900 to
267 mha today.
Between 1962 and 1996 the irrigated area in developing countries
increased at 2% annually.
Irrigation has been crucial in meeting the food demand of doubling
world population since WWII.
Irrigation projects have been costly in terms of capital, environmental
degradation& human health.
Design and management of water resources have been flawed. There is
a growing perception of water supply crisis,but we have a water
management crisis.
As population is likely to grow double again, we need to reform water
institutions and policies.
This presentation first assesses water situation and then introduces
direction for reform.
BENEFITS OF IRRIGATION
Irrigation increases crop yields.- The 17% of land that is
irrigated is producing 40% of the global food
The value of production of irrigated cropland is about
$625/ha/year ($95/ha/year for rain-fed cropland and
$17.50/ha/year for rangelands).
Irrigation affects total factor productivity (TFP) beyond the
input value of the water(evanson,pray,Rosegrant).,
Irrigation allows improve timing and spatial distribution of
water. It allows double cropping, it enables supply
stabilization. It enable production of vegetables and fruits.
Increases consumer well being& employment & farm
income(net income increase per family in Africa was $150 - $1000)
expansion of deforestation.
Productivity of irrigation
Soils
It may be worth while to export water to regions with warm and
dry climate and good soils.
Water Projects
Projects modify bodies of water to enhance some aspects of
productivity. They may include
Navigation projects
Storage projects
Flood protection projects
Hydroelectric project
Projects may have negative environmental and social effects.
A correct analysis of net discounted benefits is a useful guide for
project selection. It should account for non market impacts and
uncertainties.
Project design should consider institutional and non structural
solutions. Redesign of incentives may lead to water savings
preventing a need for a new dam.
Cost of projects vary. Costs over run reduce the net benefits of
projects. Projects have non market costs as well.
.
The capital costs of water projects
have been
underestimated.
A recent study of 81 dams found that the average cost
overrun was 56%.
The cost of irrigation has increased substantially since the
1970s.
Irrigation costs now average $480,000 per square km.
Cost varies by location - the capital cost in China is
$150,000 per square km, while the costs in Africa capital
costs are $1,000,000-2,000,000 per square km.
Mexico's irrigated area has actually declined since 1985
due to lack of capita
BUT Trading may cause third party effects that have to be taken into
account in design of system of trading
Virtual water
Value of water vary by location. Defining a water shortage
as a situation where water per capita is below a certain
level is not always useful when a region with minimal
water can use it productively and generate resources to
buy cheap water intensive crops.
For example, an acre foot of water used in flower
production is equivalent in the value of productivity to 3040acre feet used in wheat.
Measure of water shortages should combine water
availability and productivity. Water constraints are less
binding as trade opportunities expand.
Overuse of Groundwater
Resources
. Tube-well use in India increased by more than 100-fold between
1960 and 1985
As much as 8 percent of , food crops grow on farms that use
groundwater faster than the aquifers are replenished
Groundwater levels have been dropping at 25-30 cm per year. At
depths below 15 meters, tubewells will not function, and a well must
be abandoned.
The percentage of land where the water table is below 10 meters has
increased from 3 percent to 46 percent between 1973 and 1994.
Trade and the Concept of Virtual Water-forget self relianceuse water for best
outcome build storage and trade.
improve distribution
and pricing.
regions.
Conclusions
Refernces
David Zilberman, Ujjayant Chakravorty, and Farhed Shah, Efficient Management of
Water in Agriculture, Decentralization and Coordination of Water Resource
Management, ed., Douglas D. Parker and Yacov Tsur (Boston: Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1997), Chapter 22. As part of the book series, Natural Resource
Management and Policy, Ariel Dinar and David Zilberman, editors.International Water
Management Institute (2001) home page: http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi/home/
wsmap.htm
K. William Easter, Mark W. Rosegrant and Ariel Dinar, "Formal and Informal Markets
for Water: Institutions, performance, and Constraints," The World Bank Research
Observer, 14:1, pp. 99-116.
Richards, Alan (2001) Coping with Water Scarcity: The Governance Challenge Center
for Global, International and Regional Studies Working Paper. University of California,
Santa Cruz. http://www2.ucsc.edu/globalinterns/wp/wp2001-4.pdf