11/11/15

[ ]
1NF 2NF 3NF BCNF
4NF

[ ]
1.
2.
3.
4.
[ ]
1.
2. 1NF 2NF 3NF BCNF
[ ]

11/11/15


6.1
6.2
6.3
*6.4
6.5

11/11/15

6.1

11/11/15

11/11/15

11/11/15

R(U D DOM F)
R
U
D
DOM
F

11/11/15


1.
: 0-100

11/11/15


2.

11/11/15


3.
(Functional Dependency FD)
(Multivalued Dependency MVD)

11/11/15

R(U D DOM F)
R(U F)

U r F r

R(U F)

11/11/15


[ 1]
(Sno)
(Sdept)
(Mname)
(Cname)
(Grade)

Student <U F>

U Sno Sdept Mname Cname Grade

11/11/15


U F
F Sno Sdept Sdept Mname (Sno Cn
ame) Grade

11/11/15

Sno

Cname

Sdept

Mname

Grade

 Student<U F>
Sno

Sdept

Mname

S1

C1

95

S2

C1

90

S3

C1

88

S4

C1

70

S5

C1

78

Cno

Grade

...

1.
2. ( Update Anomalies )
3. ( Insertion Anomalies )
11/11/15

4. ( Deletion Anomalies )

Student

11/11/15


3
S(Sno Sdept Sno Sdept);
SC(Sno Cno Grade (Sno Cno) Grade);
DEPT(Sdept Mname Sdept Mname).

11/11/15


6.1
6.2
6.3
*6.4
6.5

11/11/15

6.2

11/11/15

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

6.2.1

11/11/15


6.1 R(U) U X
Y U
R(U) r r
X Y
X Y Y X
XY

11/11/15


1.
2.
3.

11/11/15


R ( U) U X Y
X Y Y X X Y
X Y Y X X Y
SC ( Sno Cno Grade)
(Sno Cno) Grade

(Sno Cno) Sno (Sno Cno) Cn

11/11/15


X Y

(Determinant)
X Y Y X X Y
Y X X Y

11/11/15


6.2 R(U)
X

Y X

X X

Y Y X

X Y Y X Y
X X

11/11/15


[ 1] (Sno Cno)
(Sno Cno)
Sno

Grade
Sdept

Sdept Sno (Sno Cno)

11/11/15


6.3 R(U) XY (Y X) ,YX

YZ Z X

X Z
: YX XY Z X
: Std(Sno , Sdept , Mname)
Sno Sdept Sdept Mname

Mname Sno

11/11/15

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

6.2.2
6.4 K R<U F>
K

U K R (Candidate Ke

y)
(Pr
imary Key)

11/11/15

(P
rime attribute)
(Nonprim
e attribute) (Non-key attribute)

11/11/15

(All-key)


[ 2]
S(Sno Sdept Sage) Sno
SC(Sno Cno Grade) (Sno Cno)

[ 3]

R(P W A)
W

(P W A) All-Key

11/11/15


6.5 R X R
X X R
(Foreign key)

SC(Sno Cno Grade) Sno

Sno S(Sno Sdept Sage) S

no SC

11/11/15

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

6.2.3

(1NF)
(2NF)
(3NF)
BC (BCNF)
(4NF)
(5NF)
11/11/15

6.2.3

1NF 2 NF 3NF BCNF 4 NF 5 NF

R n RnNF

11/11/15

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

6.2.4 2NF
1NF

R
R1NF

11/11/15

2NF
[ 4] S-L-C (Sno Sdept Sloc Cno Gr
ade)
Sloc

(Sno Cno)

Grade

Sno
Sdept (Sno Cno)
Sno

Sdept

11/11/15

Sloc

(Sno Cno)

p
p

Sdept
Sloc

Sloc

2NF
S-L-C
Sno

Sdept

Cno

Sloc

Grade

S-L-C ( Sno Cno )

S-L-C
Sdept Sloc (Sno Cno)
11/11/15

S-L-C
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

11/11/15

S-L-C

Sdept Sloc

S-L-C

SC ( Sno Cno Grade )

S-L (Sno Sdept Sloc )

11/11/15

2NF

SC

S-L
Sno

Sdept

Sno

Grade
Cno

Sloc

SC (Sno Cno)
S-L Sno

11/11/15

2NF
2NF
6.6 R1NF
R2NF

S-L-C(Sno Sdept Sloc Cno Grade)

1NF
S-L-C(Sno Sdept Sloc Cno Grade)
2NF
SC(Sno Cno Grade) 2NF
S-L(Sno Sdept Sloc) 2NF

11/11/15

SUPP(SNO,PNO,SCITY,STAT
US,PRICE,QTY);
SNO-
SCITY--
PNO--
STATUS--
QTY--
PRICE--

SNO SCITY,
SCITY STATUS , PNO
PRICE , SNO PNO QTY
2NF 2NF
44


SCITY
SNO
STATUS
PNO
QTY

PRICE

45

 2NF

R1 SNO SCITY STATUS, SNOS CITY ,

SCITY STATUS

R2 PNO PRICE, PNO PRICE

R3 SNO PNO QTY, SNO PNO QTY

46

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

6.2.5 3NF
3NF
6.7 R<U F>

Z(Z
X Y

Y) X Y

Y Z Y X R<U F> 3NF

R3NF

11/11/15

3NF
2NF S-L(Sno Sdept Sloc)

Sno Sdept
Sdept Sno
Sdept Sloc

Sno Sloc S-L

S-L 3NF

11/11/15

3NF

S-L
Sdept
Sno
Sloc

11/11/15

3NF

S-L

S-D Sno Sdept
D-L Sdept Sloc
S-D Sno D-L Sdept

11/11/15

S-D D-L

3NF
S-D Sno D-L Sdept

Sno

Sdept
S-D

Sdept

Sloc
D-L

S-L(Sno Sdept Sloc)

2NF
S-L(Sno Sdept Sloc) 3NF
S-D(Sno Sdept) 3NF
D-L(Sdept Sloc) 3NF
11/11/15

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

6.2.6 BC BCNF
6.8

R<U F>1NF X

Y
Y X X R<U F> BC
NF

11/11/15

BCNF
RBCNF

R BCNF

11/11/15

R 3NF

56

BCNF
7 SJP(S J P)

11/11/15

(S J) P (J P) S

(S J) (J P)

SJP3NF

SJPBCNF

11/11/15

BCNF
[ 8] STJ(S T J) S
T J

11/11/15

(S J)T (S T)J TJ
(S J) (S T)

BCNF
STJ3NF

STJBCNF

11/11/15

T T

BCNF
STJ

ST(S T) BCNF
TJ(T J) BCNF

11/11/15

3NF BCNF
R BCNF

R 3

NF
R 3NF R

R BCNF

11/11/15

2NF 3NF BCNF

R 1NF R 2NF
R 2NF R 3NF
R 3NF
R BCNF

63

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

1) R(A,B,C,D) F={BD,ABC}
2)R(A,B,C,D,E) F={ABCE,EAB,C D}
3 R(A,B,C,D) F={BD,DB,AB C}
4 R(A,B,C,) F={AB,BA,AC}
5 R(A,B,C,) F={AB,BA, CA}
6 R(A,B,C,D) F={AC,DB}
7 R(A,B,C,D) F={AC,CDB}

65


1) R(A,B,C,D) F={BD,ABC}
1NF

AB D

2)R(A,B,C,D,E) F={ABCE,EAB,C D}

AB E C D
2NF
3 R(A,B,C,D) F={BD,DB,AB C}
AB AD C 3NF
4 R(A,B,C,) F={AB,BA,AC}
A B C BCNF
66


5 R(A,B,C,) F={AB,BA, CA}

C 2NF
6 R(A,B,C,D) F={AC,DB}
AD C B 1NF
7 R(A,B,C,D) F={AC,CDB}
AD C B 1NF

67


R(A,B) 3NF

68


BCNF

69

6.2.7
[ 9]

11/11/15

...

11/11/15


Teaching

11/11/15


TeachingBCNF
(C T B)

11/11/15

74


6.9
R(U) U
X Y Z U Z U X Y
R(U) XY
R(U) r ( x z)
Y x z

11/11/15

Teaching C T B

XY Z XY

11/11/15

XY


10 WSC W S C
W S C

11/11/15

11/11/15

W1

S1

C1

W1

S1

C2

W1

S1

C3

W1

S2

C1

W1

S2

C2

W1

S2

C3

W2

S3

C4

W2

S3

C5

W2

S4

C4

W2

S4

C5

WS
WC

11/11/15


1 XY XZ
Z U X Y
2 XY YZ
XZ Y
3 XY
XY
4 XY XZ XY Z
5 XY XZ XYZ
6 XY XZ XY-Z X
Z -Y
11/11/15

XY R(U)
Y Y XY

XY R(U)
Y Y XY

11/11/15

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

6.2.8 4NF
6.10

R<U F>1NF R

XY( Y X ) X R
4NF
R 4NF R BCNF

11/11/15

84

4NF
Teaching(C T B) 4NF
CT C
Teaching

CT(C T) 4NF
CB(C B) 4NF
CT CB

11/11/15

Notes:

BCNF

4NF
5NF

86

6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 2NF
6.2.5 3NF
6.2.6 BCNF
6.2.7
6.2.8 4NF
6.2.9
11/11/15

6.2.9

11/11/15



1NF

2NF

3NF

BCNF

4NF

11/11/15

11/11/15


6.1
6.2
6.3
*6.4
6.5

11/11/15

6.3

6.11 F R <U
F> r XY (
r t s t[X =s[X t[Y =s
[Y ) F X Y

11/11/15

1. Armstrong
R <U F >

A1. (Reflexivity) Y X U X Y F

A2. (Augmentation) XY F Z
U XZYZ F

A3. (Transitivity) XY YZ F
XZ F

11/11/15

 6.1 Armstrong

11/11/15

2.
1). A1 A2 A3

11/11/15

XY XZ XYZ

XY WYZ XWZ

XY ZY XZ


2). 6.1
6.1 XA1 A2Ak
XAi (i=1 2 k)

11/11/15

Armstrong
Armstrong

F Armstrong
F+

F+
F Armstrong

11/11/15

3.
6.12

R<U F> F

F F+

11/11/15


R U,F
F={A B BC}
F+ ={AB BC AC A AB
B,... } 43

F= F+ F

99

 6.13 F U X
U XF+ ={ A|XA F Armstrong
} XF+ X F

R U,F F={A B BC}

A A A B BC
11/11/15

:AF+ =ABC


6.2
F U X Y U XY
F Armstrong Y XF+

XY F Armstrong
XF+ Y XF+

11/11/15


6.1 X( X U ) U F
XF+
X F
XF+

1 X(0)=X i=0
2 B B = { A |( V)( W)(VWFV X (i)A W)}

3 X (i+1) =BX (i)

4 X (i+1) = X (i) ?
5 X (i) =U X (i) XF+
6 i=i+l (2)
11/11/15


[ 1] R<U F> U={A B C D
E}
F={ABC BD CE ECB ACB} (AB)F+

X(0) = AB
(1) X (1) = ABCD=ABCD
(2) X (0) X(1)
X (2) = X (1)BE=ABCDE
(3) X(2)=U
11/11/15

(AB)F+ =ABCDE

4. Armstrong
6.2 Armstrong

1.
6.1
2.
: XY F Ar
mstrong F

11/11/15

5.
6.14 G+=F+ F G(F
G G F ) F G
6.3 F+ = G+ F G+ G F+
:
1 FG+ XF+ XG++
2 XYF+ Y XF+ XG++
XY (G+)+= G+ F+ G+
3 G+ F+ F+ = G+

11/11/15

6.
6.15 F F

(1) F
(2) F XA F F{XA}
(3) F XA X Z
F-{XA}{ZA} F

11/11/15

7.
6.3 F
Fm Fm F

11/11/15


: F
(1) F FDi XY Y=A1A2
Ak

k > 2 { XAj |j=1 2 k}

XY
(2) F FDi XA G=F-{X
A}
AXG+ F
(3) F FDi XA X=B1B2
Bm
+

B
(i=1

m)

A
(X-B
)

i
i F

11/11/15


[ 3] F = {AB BA BC AC CA}
Fm1 Fm2 F
Fm1= {AB BC CA}
Fm2= {AB BA AC CA}

F Fm
6.3 F

11/11/15

 F={A B B A B C A C C

A} F Fm
Fm 1( )
A B F-{BA} + BA F= F-{BA} C A F-{A
+
C} AC F= F-{AC}
Fm1={A B , B C C A}

11/11/15

 F={A B B A B C A C C

A} F Fm
Fm 2(

A B B C

B A A C C A)

C B F-{BC} + BC F= F-{B
C} Fm2={A B B A A C C A }

11/11/15


R A B C D E G

F={AB C C A BC D ACD B
D EG BE C CG BD CE AG}
F
m?

112


1. :

AB C ,C A,BC D,ACD B,D E,

D G,BE C,CG B,CG D,CE A,CE G

2.
1 AB C ,C A,BC D,D E,
D G,BE C,CG B,CG D,CE A,
CE
G ,ACD B
2 AB C ,C A,BC D,ACD
B,D E,D G,BE C, CG B, CG D ,
CE A,CE G
113


2.

1
CG D,C A,
C A

ACD B CG B

CE A
C
E A CG B

F1
AB C ,C A,BC D , ACD B,D E,
D G,BE C,CG D,CE G
114

CG B,
D
G ACDB

CG B
,BC D, CG D

C
A
CE A ,
C
E A CG D ACD B

F2 AB C ,C A,BC D,D E,D

G,BE C,CG B,CE G

115


3.

F1 C A
ACDB A
F
2:
Fm1={AB C ,C A,BC D , CD B,
D E,D G,BE C,CG D,CE G }
Fm2={ AB C ,C A,BC D,D E,D G,
BE C,CG B,CE G}

116

 :
XYA Y , X+
Y, , Y ,
.

117


6.1
6.2
6.3
*6.4
6.5

11/11/15

6.4

11/11/15

11/11/15


: SL Sno Sdept Sloc
F={ SnoSdept,SdeptSloc,SnoSloc}
SL 2NF

121


SL
Sno
Sdept Sloc

95001
CS
A
95002
IS
B
95003
MA
C
95004
IS
B
95005
PH B

122


1. SL
SN(Sno)
SD(Sdept)
SO(Sloc)

123


SN

Sno

95001
95002
95003
95004
95005

SD

Sdept

SO

Sloc

CS
IS
MA
PH

A
B
C

124

95001

125


2. SL
NL(Sno, Sloc)
DL(Sdept, Sloc)

NL

DL

Sno

Sdept

Sloc

95001
A
95002
B
95003
C
95004
B
95005
B

Sloc

CS
IS

A
B
MA

PH
B

126


NL

DL

Sno
Sloc Sdept

95001
A
CS
95002
B
IS
95002
B
PH
95003
C
MA
95004
B
IS
95004
B
PH
95005
B
IS
95005
B
PH
127


NL DL SL 3

95002 95004 95005

128


3.

SL
ND(Sno, Sdept)
NL(Sno, Sloc)

129


ND

Sno

Sdept

95001
95002
95003
95004
95005

CS
IS
MA
IS
PH

NL

Sno

Sloc

95001
95002
95003
95004
95005

A
B
C
B
B

130


ND

NL

Sno
Sdept
Sloc

95001
95002
95003
95004
95005

CS
IS
MA
CS
PH

A
B
C
A
B

SL
131


4.

SL
ND(Sno, Sdept)
DL(Sdept, Sloc)

132


6.16 R< U F >
={ R1< U1 F1 > R2< U2 F2 > Rn< Un
Fn >}

n
i=1

U= Ui Ui Uj Fi F Ui

6.17 {XY | XY F+XY Ui}

Fi F Ui

11/11/15


R<U F> ={ R1<U1 F1> R

<U2 F2> Rn<Un Fn>}

R R1 R2 Rn
R ( Lossless jo
in )

11/11/15

SL SdeptSloc
ND NL

11/11/15


R<U F>
R1<U1 F1> R2<U2 F2> Rn<Un Fn
>
U=U1U2Un Ui Uj Fi F Ui
F
Fi R
Preserve dependency

11/11/15


SL

ND(Sno Sdept)
DL(Sdept Sloc)

11/11/15

11/11/15

3
4

11/11/15

1)
BCNF
2) 3N
F BCNF
3)
3NF BCN
F

11/11/15


6.2
6.3 3NF
6.4 3NF

6.5 BCNF
6.6 4NF

11/11/15

 6.2
R(A1,A2,,An), F, {R1,R2,
,Rk}
(1 ) K ,n , i Ri,
j Aj,. AjRi i
j aj, bij;
(2 ) F .
XY, X ,
Y , aj,
aj, bij;
(3 ) , a1,a2,
., an. .
.
142


U=(A,B,C,D,E),F={AB C,C D,D E}, R1(A,B,C),R2(C,D),R
3(D,E)

R1
R2
R3

A
a1
b21
b31

B
a2
b22
b32

C
a3
a3
b33

D
b14
a4
a4

E
b15
b25
a5

AB C

143

C D ,

144

D E ,

145


6. 4
a1,a2,,ak ( a ) .

146


1: U=(A,B,C,D),F={A C,D C,BD A},

R1(A,B),R2(A,C,D),R3(B,C,D)

147


U=(A,B,C,D),F={A C,D C,BD A},
R1(A,B),R2(A,C,D),R3(B,C,D)

148

A C

149

 2
6. 5
R<U,F> ={R1<U1,F1>, R2<U2,F
2>} :
U1U2 U1-U2 F+

U1U2 U2-U1F+.

150


R A B C F={A B B C}
={R1<U1,F1>, R2<U2,F2>}
U1={A B} U2={B C}

U1U2 ={B} U1-U2 ={A}

U2-U1 ={C}
B A U1U2 U1-U2 F+
B C U1U2 U2-U1F+.

.

151


={R1<U1,F1>, R2<U2,F2>, ,Rk<Uk,Fk>}
F+=(Fi)+ G=Fi
5.3 F+ = G+ F G+ G F+

G F+ F G+

152


R(ABCD),F={A B,B C,C
D,D A},
={R1(AB),R2(BC),R3(CD)}
F1={A B, B A} F2={B C,C
B}
F3={C D,D C} G=F1F2 F3
{A B,B C,C D} G+ ,
{D A} G +
A DG+ DG+={ABCD}

{D A} G+ 153


R(city,street,zip),
F={(city,street) zip,zip city}, ={R1(stre
et,zip),R2(city,zip)}

154

155

3NF 1
1) R U F F
F
2 F
U
3 X A F XA=U ={R}
4

156

3NF 1
R(S#, SN, P, C, S, Z)
S# , SN , P , C ,
S , Z
F={S# SN, S# P, S# C, S# S, S# Z,
(P,C,S) Z Z P Z C}
3NF

1. S# Z
2.
S# { SN,P, C, S}, (P,C,S) Z, Z {P C }
3. { S# ,SN,P, C, S},
{P,C,S,Z} { Z ,P C }
157

3NF 1
{ S# ,SN,P, C, S},{P,C,S,Z}

U1={ S# ,SN,P, C, S},

F1={S# SN,S# P,S# C,S# S}
U2={P,C,S,Z}
F2={ (P,C,S) Z Z P Z C}
?

158

3NF 2

1 3NF 1
2 R U F X = {X}
3

159

3NF 2
R(S#,SN,P,C,S,Z)
F={S# SN,S# P,S# C,S# S,S# Z,
(P,C,S) Z Z P Z C}
3NF
1 3NF 1
2 R<U F> {S#}, = {S#}
3 {S#} ,

160

BCNF ( )
1) ={R<U,F>}
2) BCNF
3 Ri<Ui,Fi> BCNF
X A Fi + (A X ), X
Ri<Ui,Fi>
Ri1<Ui1,Fi1>, Ri2<Ui2,Fi2>
Ui1=XA,
Ui2=Ui-A
Ri1<Ui1, Fi1>, Ri2<Ui2,Fi2> Ri<Ui,Fi
> 2

161

BCNF
BCNF ,

162

BCNF
R(S#,C#,G,TN,D)

F={(S# ,C#) G C# TN TN D),

BCNF
S# , C# , G , TN
, D
1 ={R<U,F>}
(S# ,C#) C# TN BCNF
={R1< S# C# G D ,F1>
R2< C# TN ,F2>}

163

BCNF (continue)
R1< S# C# G D F1>
(S# ,C#) F C# D
R1 BCNF
R1 R11< S# C# G F11>
R12< C# D F12>

={R11< S# C# G F11>
R12<(C# D) F12> R2<(C# TN) F2>}
BCNF

TN
D

164

BCNF ( )
R(S#,C#,G,TN,D)

F={(S# ,C#) G C# TN TN D),

BCNF
2
TN D
={R<U,F>}
(S# ,C#) TN D BCNF
={R1< S# C# G TN ,F1>
R2< D TN ,F2>}

165

BCNF ( )
R(S#,C#,G,TN,D)
F={(S# ,C#) G C# TN TN D}
2 (continue)
R1< S# C# G TN ,F1>
(S# ,C#) C# TN R1 BCNF
R1 R11< S# C# G ,F11>
R12< C# TN ,F12>
={R11< S# C# G ,F11>
R12<(C# TN),F12> R2<(D TN),F2>}
BCNF

166


6.1
6.2
6.3
*6.4
6.5

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4NF

3NF BCNF

3NF BCN
F

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 ( )

11/11/15