Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Transportation Planning
Lecture Series: Parking Planning and Management
Lecture 1: Types of parking and parking studies
Date: 04.03.2013
Instructor: Dr. Zahara Batool
Background
Parking is an important urban transportation element.
It affects mode choice (parking availability, accessibility, cost
of parking).
It affects the vitality of communities, commercial and
business centers, transit system and airports as well as the
efficiency of traffic circulation in downtown areas.
It has certain direct economic activities.
On-Street Parking
As the name itself suggests, On-street Parking means the
area allotted for Parking purpose at the sides of the roads.
For efficiency in Parking system; the On street Parking is
divided into following types:
Parallel Parking
Angular Parking
Perpendicular Parking (efficient Parking Method)
On-street
Parking
Angular Parking
The vehicles are parked at an angle. It may be a 30 degree angle or
45 degree.
The vehicles can be easily reversed if parked at an angle. Hence,
proving as an efficient Parking System in case of vehicular
circulation.
The major drawback of Angular Parking System is that it requires
larger space for parking than required for Parallel Parking.
Hence this system is adopted where the space is available in plenty.
Angular Parking
Perpendicular Parking
The vehicles are parked at right angle to the road.
It is an efficient system of Parking.
Perpendicular Parking
Parking Studies
Parking studies are needed to be conducted
in order to collect information about the capacity of existing parking
facilities
in order to collect information about the use of existing parking facilities
in order to collect information about the information about the demand for
parking is needed.
Parking studies may be restricted to
A particular traffic producer or attractor, such as a store, or
They may encompass an entire region, such as a CBD.
Accumulation Counts
These are conducted to obtain data on the number of vehicles
parked in a study area during a specific period of time.
First, the number of vehicles already in that area are counted
or estimated.
Then the number of vehicles entering and exiting during that
specified period are noted, and added or subtracted from the
accumulated number of vehicles.
Accumulation Counts
Accumulation data are normally summarized by time period for
the entire study area.
The occupancy can be calculated by taking accumulation/total
spaces.
Peaking characteristics can be determined by graphing the
accumulation data by time of day.
The accumulation graph usually includes cumulative arrival and
cumulative departure graphs as well.
Accumulation Counts
Period
Arrive
Cum. Arrive
Depart
4 6 AM
25
6 -8
50
15
8 10
250
25
10 12 Noon
50
30
12 2 PM
100
50
2-4
50
75
46
25
220
68
25
100
8 - 10
10
65
Total
585
585
Cum. Depart
Accumulation
Accumulation
Factor
Accumulation Counts
Period
Arrive
Cum. Arrive
Depart
Cum. Depart
Accumulation
Accumulation
Factor
4 6 AM
25
25
20
0.0341
6 -8
50
75
15
20
55
0.0940
8 10
250
325
25
45
280
0.4786
10 12 Noon
50
375
30
75
300
0.5128
12 2 PM
100
475
50
125
350
0.5982
2-4
50
525
75
200
325
0.5585
46
25
550
220
420
130
0.2222
68
25
575
100
520
55
0.0940
8 - 10
10
585
65
585
Total
585
585
Accumulation Counts
Accumulation Diagram
700
600
500
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
400
Cum. Arrive
Cum. Depart
Accumulation
300
200
100
0
0
5
Time
10
Accumulation Counts
Accumulation data are normally summarized by time period for
the entire study area.
The occupancy can be calculated by taking accumulation/total
spaces.
Peaking characteristics can be determined by graphing the
accumulation data by time of day.
The accumulation graph usually includes cumulative arrival and
cumulative departure graphs as well.
Side
Study Date
Data Collector
_________________________________________
To: _________________
Stall
From
___________________
Direction of Travel:
Type
9:00
9:30
10:00
User Information/Characteristics
Surveys
The postage paid postcard surveys requests the same
information as in the parking interview. Return rates average
about 35%, and may include bias.
The
bias
can
take
two
User Information/Characteristics
Surveys
User characteristics analyses are made to assist in parking management in an area.
Such studies are used in establishing time-limit parking, employee parking, loading
zones, etc.
Information is obtained on the magnitude of the various segments of the parking
demand.
In other words, the study is used to project the demand for short-term parking (15 to
20 minutes); for banks, pharmacies, dry cleaners, etc.; for limited parking ( 1 to 2
hours) covering short-term shopping or business appointments; for longer term
parking (8 hours or ore) for employees in the area.
Adequacy Analysis
The adequacy of a parking facility can be measured by
calculating the probability that an entering vehicle will not be
able to find a parking space.
A high probability of rejection (not finding a space) may
indicate that expansion of the parking facility is warranted.
The probability of rejection can be calculated by comparing the
traffic load to the number of parking stalls as shown below.
Adequacy Analysis
First, the traffic load is estimated using:
A = Q*T
Where:
A = traffic load,
Q = incoming vehicle flow rate, and
T = the average parking duration
Adequacy Analysis
Next, calculate the probability of rejection using the following formula:
Where:
P = the probability of rejection,
A = the traffic load, and
M = the number of parking stalls.
If the probability of rejection is high, you may want to consider adding more parking stalls to
the parking facility.
Example
Over the course of an 8-hour day, 96 vehicles enter a local
electronics stores parking lot. The parking lot has 5 spaces
and the average customer stays in the grocery store for 15
minutes. Calculate the probability that an incoming car will be
rejected.
Solution
i.
Since we know the average vehicle is parked for 15 minutes, or 0.25 hours, we can
calculate the traffic load as follows.
A = Q*T
A = 12 vehicles/hour * 0.25 hours
A = 3 vehicle
Solution
ii. Find the probability of rejection using the equation below.
P = (AM/M!)/(1 + A + A2/2 + . . . + AM/M!)
Where:
P = the probability of rejection,
A = the traffic load, and
M = the number of parking stalls.
P = (35/120)/(1 + 3 + 32/2 + 33/6 + 34/24 +35/120)
P = 0.11
Each entering vehicle has an 11% chance of being rejected. As a result, the electronics
store loses one out of each 10 customers entering their lot.
Key Terms
Aisle-- the portion of the parking lot devoted to providing immediate
access to the parking stalls. The recommended aisle width is dependent
on the parking angle. A parking angle of 45 o requires an aisle width of 12
feet for a 9.0-foot stall, and a 90o parking angle requires an aisle width of
26 feet for a 9.0-foot stall. These dimensions lead to wall to wall
distances of 47 feet for 45o and 63 feet for 90o.
Parking turnover is the rate of use of a facility. It is determined by
dividing the number of available parking spaces into the number of
vehicles parked in those spaces in a stated time period.
Key Terms
Long Term Parking-- parking with a duration of three hours or
more.
Short Term Parking-- parking with a duration of three hours or less.
Parking Accumulation-- the total number of vehicles parked in a
specific area (usually segregated by type of parking facility) at a
specific time.
Parking Space or Stall-- an area large enough to accommodate
one parked vehicle with unrestricted access (no blockage by
another parked vehicle).
Stall Length-- The longitudinal dimension of the stall, normally 18.5
feet.
Stall Width-- The width of each parking space as measured
crosswise to the vehicle. The most common width is 8.5 to 9.0 feet.
Lecture 4:
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