Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BURNING TECHNOLOGY
IN CEMENT INDUSTRY
Therefore, compared with gas or oil fuels, the kiln feed raw
mix must be adjusted with. the proportion of clay or shale
reduced, to maintain the required cement clinker composition.
As a rough guide 12%ash content will reduce the LSF of the
kiln feed material by about 1%.
Also, the coal must be ground sufficiently finely that the ash can
be incorporated homogeneously into and react with the raw
material feed in the kiln. For coals up to about 15 % ash content
a coal fineness of about 20% residue on 90 micron is usually
sufficient, but very high ash coals or low volatile coals need to be
more finely ground.
A second guide to fineness requirements, for flame
characteristics is a 90m residue equal to 50% of the volatile
matter content. It can be seen that this would indicate lower
residue requirements particularly for the high rank bituminous
coals and the anthracitic coals.
If the coal has a high proportion of fines and ahigh free moisture
content, it will tend to stick onto conveyor belts and it will not
discharge regularly from hoppers and feeders.
This can cause irregularities in the operation of the coal mill and
sometimes the kiln.
Hoppers need to be properly designed to suit the flow properties
of the reals which will be employed -steep cone angles,
avoidance of corners, generously sized coal discharge aperture,
and smooth internal surf aces.
Coals with a <1 mm size fraction of 30% or more can prove
extremely difficult to handle through a poorly designed system.
This is made worse if free moisture content exceeds 7-8%.
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
REDUCTION IN SIZE BY DISINTEGRATION
LOSS OF CALORIFIC VALUE DUE TO OXIDATION
TYPE OF COAL
High rank coals tend to be hard, relatively difficult to grind, to be
unreactive and therefore possibly giving rise to ignition and flame
stability difficult. As indicated earlier finer grinding may be
necessary if volatile contents are low.
The principal problem here is mill wear, arising mainly from the
presence of more than a few percent of hard and/or corrosive
minerals. Some minerals may also give rise to problems associated
with coating of the grinding elements.
For a given type of mill, wear increases with fineness of grind.
SAFETY
The high surface area of finely ground products renders the
self-heating problem more serious in coal grinding installations,
danger spots being hoppers horizontal or slightly inclined pip-,
and filter bags.
All hoppers used for pulverised coal should be fitted with
temperature sensors and means for flooding with C02 or water.
Conveying pipe gas velocities must be designed to ensure that
coal deposition does not occur in horizontal sections of pipe,
typical velocities being around 30 m/see, with a minimum of at
least 24 m/sec.
Although the high rank coals are also less reactive in the finely
ground state the above design considerations should be
applied rigorously in any installation handling fine coal.
COAL MILLS
Two types of mill are commonly used for coal grinding in the
cement industry these are:
Ball mills
COAL MILL
DRYING OF COAL
INDIRECT FIRING
CLINKER COOLER
MULTI-CHANNEL BURNER
Thank you