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Steven A. Jones
BIEN 501
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
Start on Slide 53
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Slide 1
Creeping Flows
Major Learning Objectives:
1. Compare viscous flows to nonviscous
flows.
2. Derive the complete solution for creeping
flow around a sphere (Stokes flow).
3. Relate the solution to the force on the
sphere.
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Slide 2
Creeping Flows
Minor Learning Objectives:
1. Examine qualitative inertial and viscous effects.
2. Show how symmetry simplifies the equations.
3. Show how creeping and nonviscous flows
simplify the momentum equations.
4. Give the origin of the Reynolds number.
5. Use the Reynolds number to distinguish
creeping and nonviscous flows.
6. Apply non-slip boundary conditions at a wall
and incident flow boundary conditions at .
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Slide 3
Creeping Flows
Minor Learning Objectives (continued):
7. Use the equations for conservation of mass and
conservation of momentum in spherical coordinates.
8. Use the stream function to satisfy continuity.
9. Eliminate the pressure term the momentum
equations by (a) taking the curl and (b) using a sort of
Gaussian elimination.
10. Rewrite the momentum equations in terms of the
stream function.
11. Rewrite the boundary conditions in terms of the stream
function.
12. Deduce information about the form of the solution from
the boundary conditions.
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Slide 4
Important Concepts
Flow Rate
Cross-sectional average velocity
Shear Stress (wall shear stress)
Force caused by shear stress (drag)
Pressure loss
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Slide 5
Creeping Flows
Minor Learning Objectives (continued):
13. Discuss the relationship between boundary conditions
and the assumption of separability.
14. Reduce the partial differential equation to an ordinary
differential equation, based on the assumed shape of
the solution.
15. Recognize and solve the equidimensional equation.
16. Translate the solution for the stream function into the
solution for the velocity components..
17. Obtain the pressure from the velocity components.
18. Obtain the drag on the sphere from the stress
components (viscous and pressure).
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Slide 6
Nonviscous Flows
Slide 7
Slide 8
Nonviscous Flow
Velocity
Slide 9
Incident velocity is
approached far
from the sphere.
Increased velocity
as a result of inertia
terms.
Slide 10
v v e 3
Slide 11
The Objective
1. Obtain the velocity field around the sphere.
2. Use this velocity field to determine
pressure and drag at the sphere surface.
3. From the pressure and drag, determine
the force on the sphere as a function of the
spheres velocity, or equivalently the
spheres velocity as a function of the
applied force (e.g. gravity, centrifuge,
electric field).
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Slide 12
Some Applications
1. What electric field is required to move a
charged particle in electrophoresis?
2. What g force is required to centrifuge cells in a
given amount of time.
3. What is the effect of gravity on the movement
of a monocyte in blood?
4. How does sedimentation vary with the size of
the sediment particles?
5. How rapidly do enzyme-coated beads move in
a bioreactor?
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Slide 13
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Slide 14
Incident Velocity v v e 3
Component of incident velocity
in the - direction, v sin
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Slide 15
v v P 2 D
t
For small v, 2nd term on the left is small. It is on the
order of v2. (v appears in the right hand term, but only as
a first power).
P 2 D
t
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Slide 17
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Slide 18
Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number describes the relative importance
of the inertial terms to the viscous terms and can be
deduced from a simple dimensional argument.
V 2
v v goes like
, where V is a characteristic velocity
L
V
and L is a characteristic length. D goes like 2 . (It may
L
V 2 V
2v
2 ,
help to think of a typical term 2 ). The ratio is
x
L L
VL
or
. It is this ratio, rather than or velocity alone, that
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Slide 19
Reynolds Number
Different notations are used to express the Reynolds
number. The most typical of these are Re or Nr.
Also, viscosity may be expressed as kinematic ( ) or
dynamic () viscosity, so the Reynolds number may be
VL
VL
Re
or Re
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Slide 20
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v r v r r,
v v r,
v 0
Slide 22
v 0
Which takes the following form in spherical coordinates
(Table 3.1):
1
1
v 0
r
v
v
sin
2
r r
r sin
r sin
Or
1
1
r
v
v
sin
0
When
v
0
&
0
r
r 2 r
r sin
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Slide 23
P 0
p
2
2 v
2
Hvr 2 vr 2 2 v cot 0
r
r
r r
1 p
v
v
Hv r 2 2 0
r
r sin
1 2
1
r
sin
2
r r
r r sin
Slide 24
r
v
v sin 0
r
2
r r
r sin
p
v
1
vr
2
2 v 2
2 r 2 r
sin
v
cot
0
2 r
2
2
r
r
r
r
sin
r
r
1 2 v
v
v
1 p
1
vr
2
r
sin
r sin
r 2 sin 2 0
r
r
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Slide 25
Comments
1
1
r
v
v sin 0
r
2
r r
r sin
v
vr
p
1
2
2 v 2
2 r 2 r
sin
v
cot
0
2 r
2
2
r
r
r sin
r
r r
r r
1 2 v
1 p
1
2
r
sin
r
r
r sin
r r
v
v
vr
2
2
r sin
Slide 26
Slide 27
u v
0
x y
x, y
y
, v
x, y
x
u v
2 2
0
x y x y
y
y
xy yx
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Slide 28
Slide 29
Procedure (Continued)
6. Substitute the assumed form for back into the
momentum equation to obtain an ordinary differential
equation.
7. Solve the equation for the radial dependence of .
8. Insert the radial dependence back into the form for to
obtain the complete expression for .
9. Use the definition of the stream function to obtain the
radial and tangential velocity components from .
10. Use the radial and tangential velocity components in
the momentum equation (written in terms of velocities,
not in terms of ) to obtain pressure.
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Slide 30
Procedure (Continued)
11. Integrate the e3 component of both types of forces
(pressure and viscous stresses) over the surface of the
sphere to obtain the drag force on the sphere.
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Slide 31
Stream Function
Recall the following form for conservation of mass:
1
1
v sin 0
r
v
r
2
r r
r sin
Slide 22
1
,
v
r 2 sin
r sin r
Slide 32
Exercise
With:
1
1
v sin 0
r
v
r
2
r r
r sin
1
1
vr 2
, v
r sin
r sin r
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Slide 33
Exercise
With:
1
1
v sin 0
r
v
r
2
r r
r sin
1
1
vr 2
, v
r sin
r sin r
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Slide 34
1
, v
Use v r 2
r sin
r sin r
sin 1
r 2 r 2 sin 0
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Slide 35
Elimination of Pressure
The final equation on the last slide required several
steps. The first was the elimination of pressure in the
momentum equations. The second was substitution of
the form for the stream function into the result. The
details will not be shown here, but we will show how
pressure can be eliminated from the momentum
equations. We have:
p v 0
p v
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Slide 36
Elimination of Pressure
But it is known that the curl of the gradient of any scalar
field is zero (Exercise A.9.1-1). In rectangular coordinates:
e1
p
x1
p
x1
e2
x2
p
x2
e3
x3
p
x3
2 p
2 p
2 p
2 p
2 p
2 p
e1
e 2
e 3 0
x1x2 x2 x1
x2 x3 x3x2
x1x3 x3x1
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Slide 37
Elimination of Pressure
Alternatively: v ijk
v k
ei
x j
p
p
p
e k , p k
xk
x k
ijk
x j
x k
e i
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x j
x k
e1 123
x 2
p
p
132
x3 x 2
x3
x 2
x 2
x3 x3
e1
e1 0
Slide 38
Take
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Slide 39
Elimination of Pressure
This view can be easily illustrated in rectangular coordinates:
3v x
3v x
2 p
0
2
3
yx
x momentum
3v y
3v y
2 p
3
2
x
xy
y momentum
3 v y 3v y
3 v x 3v x
0
3
2
3
2
y
xy
yx
x
3v x 3v x
3v y 3 v y
0 E2
i.e.,
y 3 yx 2 xy 2 x 3
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Slide 40
With:
vx
x, y
y
, vy
x, y
x
3 0
3
2
2
yx xy
x
y
in terms of ?
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Slide 41
Answer:
4
4
4
4
2 2 2 2 4 0
4
y x x y
x
y
or
2
2 0
2
y x
2
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Slide 42
Elimination of Pressure
Fortunately, the book has already done all of this work for us,
and has provided the momentum equation in terms of the
stream function in spherical coordinates (Table 2.4.2-1). For
v=0:
2
1
, E 2 2 E 2
1
E 2
2
cos
sin
E
t
r sin r,
r sin r
r
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Slide 43
Momentum in terms of
If:
2
1
, E 2 2 E 2
1
E 2
2
cos
sin
E
t
r sin r,
r sin r
r
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Slide 44
.
r sin
r
4
sin 1
Thus
2
0.
2
r sin
r
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Slide 45
v 0 at r R,
vr 0 at r R
and
1
v
r sin r
1
vr 2
r sin
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Slide 46
1
v
0 at r R
v
0 at r R, r
2
r sin
r sin r
and
must be zero for all at r=R. Thus,
r
0 at r R
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Slide 47
Question
Consider the following curves. Along which of these curves
must velocity change with position?
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Slide 48
Comment
A key to understanding the previous result is that we are
talking about the surface of the sphere, where r is fixed.
1
0
.
And
so
because
0
2
r sin
Because v r 0,
does not
change as
changes.
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As r changes,
however, we
move off of
the curve r=R,
so can
change.
Slide 49
Thus, as r ,
v cos r 2 sin e 3 v r 2 cos sin e 3
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Slide 50
2
2
d v r r sin d r v cos sin d
0
0
1 2
r v sin 2 g r
2
which suggests the -dependence of the solution.
f r v sin
2
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Slide 51
Comment on Separability
For a separable solution we assume that the functional
form of is the product of one factor that depends only
on r and another that depends only on .
r, R r
Whenever the boundary conditions can be written in
this form, it will be possible to find a solution that can
be written in this form. Since the equations are
linear, the solution will be unique. Therefore, the final
solution must be written in this form.
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Slide 52
Comment on Separability
In our case, the boundary condition at r=R is:
R, R R 0
Slide 53
Separability
Again, at r=R:
R, R R 0
and at r :
1
, v r 2 sin 2
2
Because the -dependence holds for all , but the rdependence does not, we must write:
r ,
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1
f r v r 2 sin 2
2
Slide 54
Momentum Equation
The momentum equation:
0 P 2 D
is 2 equations with 3 unknowns (P, vr and v). We have
used the stream function to get 2 equations and 2
unknowns (P and ). We then used these two equations
to eliminate P.
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Slide 55
f r v sin
2
sin 1
r 2 r 2 sin 0
d f
4 d f
8 df 8 f
2
3
4 0
4
2
dr
r dr
r dr r
Note the use of total derivatives.
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Slide 56
Exercise: Substitute
f r v sin
2
into
2 sin 1
2 2
r
r
sin
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2 sin
2
2
r
r
sin
Slide 57
Exercise: Substitute
2 sin 1
2 2
r
r
sin
f r
2
v sin
f r
2
r
f r
2
v sin
f r
2
r
2 f r
f r v sin 2
sin 1 sin 2
r 2 sin
sin 2sin cos
2
r
sin
sin cos
2 f r 2
v sin
2
f r
sin 2
2
v sin
2 2 f r
2
r
r
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Slide 58
r
r
sin
sin
2 f r
r 2
sin 2
2 2 f r
4 f r
2
2
2
f
r
f r 2sin
2sin
sin
2
2
sin
f r
sin
4
2
2
2
4
r
r
r
r sin
r
r
4
2
2
f
r
f
r
f r 2 cos
sin
2sin
cos
2
sin
2sin
2
f r
4
2
2
r
r
r
sin
r
sin
4 f r
2 f r sin
2 f r
cos 2
2
sin
2sin
2 2sin
2 f r 1
4
2
2
2
r
r
r
r
sin
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Slide 59
d f
df
2 d f
r
4r
8r
8f 0
4
2
dr
dr
dr
4
f r ar n
Substitution of this form back into the equation yields:
A
f r Br Cr 2 Dr 4 with
r
1
3
1
A v R 3 , B
v R, C v , D 0
4
4
2
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Slide 60
Equidimensional Equation
The details are like this:
2
n
d 4 ar n
dar n
2 d ar
n
r
4
r
8
r
8
ar
0
4
2
dr
dr
dr
r 4 n n 1 n 2 n 3 ar n 4 4r 2 n n 1 ar n 2 8r n ar n 1 8ar n
4
divide by ar n
n n 1 n 2 n 3 4 n n 1 8n 8 0
This is a 4th order polynomial, i.e. there are 4 possible
values for n which happen to turn out to be -1, 1, 2
and 4.
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Slide 61
vr
3 R 1 R
1
cos
v
2 r 2 r
v
3 R 1 R
1
sin
v
4 r 4 r
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Slide 62
Pressure
To obtain pressure, we return to the momentum equation:
P 2 D
This form was 2 equations with 3 unknowns, but now vr
and v have been determined. Once the forms for these
two velocity components are substituted into this
equation, one obtains:
P
cos
3v R 3
r
r
P 3
sin
v R 2
2
r
Integrate to get P.
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Slide 63
Pressure
The result of this exercise is:
3
cos
P P0 gr cos v R 2
2
r
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Slide 64
Force
To obtain force on the sphere, we must remember
that force is caused by both the pressure and
the viscous stress.
F3 R
T
0
rr
Slide 65
Potential Flow
Potential flow derives from the viscous part of the
momentum equation.
v 0
If we write:
v
Then the viscous part of the momentum equation will
automatically be zero.
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Slide 66
Potential Flow
The continuity equation:
v 0
Becomes:
2 0
Therefore potential flow reduces to finding solutions to
Laplaces equation.
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Slide 67