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    Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. Currently used popular public-key encryption and signature schemes can be broken by quantum adversaries. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication.

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    Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. Currently used popular public-key encryption and signature schemes can be broken by quantum adversaries. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    68 views17 pages

    Quantum Cryptography

    Uploaded by

    Nevinvv
    Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. Currently used popular public-key encryption and signature schemes can be broken by quantum adversaries. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication.

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    of 17

    Quantum Cryptography

    Berk Akinci

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    Overview
    Classical Cryptography
    Quantum Random Number Generation
    Quantum Cryptography

    Using Entanglement
    Using Uncertainty

    Devices

    Single-Photon Emitter
    Single-Photon Detector

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    Classical Cryptography
    Computational security

    Practical; widely used


    Examples: AES, DES, RC-4, RSA, DH

    Unconditional security

    Breaking is impossible
    Not practical for most applications
    Example: One-time pad
    Problem: Key Distribution

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    One-time pad
    Eve
    Insecure communication channel
    Alice

    Encryption

    Decryption
    ?

    Key

    April 12, 2006

    Plaintext:

    0000 1111 0000 1111

    Random Key:

    0110 0010 0110 1110

    Ciphertext:

    0110 1101 0110 0001

    Berk Akinci

    Key

    Bob

    Q. Random Number Generator


    True Random Numbers are critical!
    Quantum processes are fundamentally random
    idQuantique - Quantis

    Semi-transparent mirror

    Photon source

    Single-photon detector
    ~50%
    2

    ~50%

    Single-photon detector
    0

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    Unbiasing

    0100111011

    Quantum Cryptography
    Quantum Key Distribution
    Uses laws of quantum mechanics
    Provides unconditional security
    One of two fundamentals

    Uncertainty
    Entanglement

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    Using Entanglement
    Create pairs of entangled photons
    Transmit them to Alice and Bob
    Alice and Bob get complementary
    photons
    Difficult to keep states entangled for
    long time/distances
    No commercial application yet
    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    Using Uncertainty
    Measuring a quantum system disturbs it

    Alice sends individual quanta


    If Eve makes measurements, Bob cant;
    thats tamper-evident
    Eve cant reproduce the original
    Neither Eve nor Bob can ever detect the
    entire state

    Devices by idQuantique and MagiQ


    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    Using Uncertainty Principles


    Practical approach uses photons

    Photons can be transmitted over long


    distances
    Photons exhibit the required quantum
    mechanical properties

    Quantum properties exploited

    Photons can not be divided or duplicated


    Single measurement is not sufficient to
    describe state fully

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    Polarized Photons and Filters

    Source: id Quantix Vectis

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    10

    BB84 Protocol

    Source: id Quantix Vectis

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    11

    Using Uncertainty Reality


    Photon polarization is transformed
    through fiber

    Autocompensation Faraday
    orthoconjugation

    No good single-photon emitter


    No good single-photon detector
    Quantum Error Correction
    Privacy Amplification
    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    12

    Faraday orthoconjugation

    Source: Risk Bethune

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    13

    Single-Photon Detector
    Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
    InGaAs APD used in Geiger mode

    Reverse biased just below breakdown idle


    Reverse biased just above breakdown for
    1ns
    Kept cool (e.g. 140K) to prevent thermallyinduced avalanche

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    14

    Single-Photon Emitter
    Approximated by attenuating a train of
    laser pulses

    If attenuating to average power matching a


    single photon
    37% 0 photon no information
    37% 1 photon
    26% 2+ photons security risk!

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    15

    Single-Photon Emitter (Cont.)

    Practical systems attenuate to 0.1 photon


    89.5% 0 photon
    10% 1 photon
    0.5% 2+ photons

    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

    16

    Bibliography
    Risk, W. P.; Bethune, D. S. Quantum Cryptography Using
    Autocompensating Fiber-Optic Interferometers. Optics and
    Photonics News. July 2002, pp 26-32
    id Quantique Quantis-OEM Datasheet. v1.3, July 2004,
    http://www.idquantique.com
    id Quantique White Paper Random Numbers Generation
    using Quantum. Version 2.0, August 2004,
    http://www.idquantique.com
    id Quantique White Paper Understanding Quantum
    Cryptography. Version 1.0, April 2005,
    http://www.idquantique.com
    Wikipedia community Quantum Cryptography. Wikipedia
    The Free Encyclopedia. Viewed on April 12, 2006.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography
    April 12, 2006

    Berk Akinci

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