A WINNER knows how much he

has to LEARN,
even when he is considered an
EXPERT by
others.
A LOSER wants to be considered
an EXPERT by others before he
has learned enough to
know how LITTLE he knows.

CHEMISTRY
- From egyptian kme, meaning
earth
- the science concerned with the
composition, structure, and
properties of matter, as well as
the changes it undergoes during
chemical reactions.

Hypothesis A statement or idea that

describes or attempts to explain
observable information.
Experiment Is a controlled testing of the
properties of a substance or system
through carefully recorded measurements.
Theory The result of thorough testing and
confirmation of a hypothesis. A theory
predicts the outcome of new testing based
on past experimental data.
Law A hypothesis or theory that is tested
time after time with the same resulting
data and thought to be without exception

1. Who is said to be the founder

of the scientific method?
A. Alexander Fleming
B. Joseph Priestly
C. Galileo Galilei
D. Antoine Lavoisier

2. In the universe, it is anything

that occupies space and has
mass.
A. Matter
B. Isotope
C. Atom
D. Solid

Matter - anything that occupies

space and has mass (i.e.,
anything that has density). It
commonly exists in three
phases: solid, liquid, and gas.

3. Electron came from the greek

word:
A. Helios
B. Elektra
C. Amber
D. Volta

4. Which of the following falls

under fluids?
A. gas
B. solid
C. liquid.
D. both a & c.

5. The state of matter which

occupies the whole space
available is
A. gas
B. solid
C. liquid
D. both a & c.

6. It is a property of matter
which can be measured by
changing the identity and
composition of a substance.
A. Chemical
B. extensive
C. physical
D. extrinsic

11/15/15

13

7. Which of the following is not

an extensive property?
A. Energy
B. Weight
C. Boiling point
D. Length

THE ATOM
Atom is the basic building block
of matter. It is the smallest
particle of element.
An ELEMENT is a fundamental
type of matter in which all of
the atoms in the material are
the same.

The atomic number of an element is

the number of protons that is
contained in the nucleus of each of
its atoms.

Mass number or atomic weight

is the sum of the number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus of the
atom.

A compound is a substance
with a particular ratio of
atoms of particular
chemical elements which
determines its composition,
and a particular
organization which
determines chemical
properties.

The standard nomenclature

of chemical substances is
set by the International
Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC).

8. What do you call chemically

identical atoms of the same
element but with different
numbers of neutrons and
different mass numbers.
A. Isotones
B. Isobars
C. Isotopes
D. homogenous

9. Tritium has
A. 1 electron and 1 proton
B. 1 proton and 1 neutron
C. 1 proton and 2 neutron
D. 2 proton and 1 neutron

Protium most common hydrogen isotope

Deuterium 1 neutron, 1 proton
- non radioactive,
-heavy hydrogen
Tritium 2 neutrons, 1 proton
radioactive
Hydrogen is the only element that has
different names for its isotopes in
common use today.

10. What is the most abundant

element in the universe?
A. nitrogen
B. hydrogen
C. oxygen
D. helium

11. What is the most abundant

element in the Earths
atmosphere?
A. nitrogen
B. hydrogen
C. oxygen
D. helium

12. The net electrical charge of

an atom under normal state is:
A. negative
B. positive
C. neutral
D. infinite

13. A substance that cannot be

decomposed into simpler
substances by ordinary
chemical reactions
A. Compound
B. Mixture
C. Element
D. Homogenous

14. The subdivision of an

element that can take part in a
chemical reaction
A. Element
B. Hydrogen
C. Electron
D. Atom

15. The sub-atomic part

consisting of neutrons and
protons is known as
A. Nuclear fusion
B. Nucleons
C. Neurons
D. Neutron-proton spatial
formation

IV.

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

The atomic number of an element is the

number of protons that is contained in
the nucleus of each of its atoms.
Mass number or atomic weight is the
sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.

16. The no. of protons in the

nucleus on an atom
A. Atomic number
B. Mass number
C. Atomic mass
D. Atomic mass unit

17. The no. of protons and

neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom
A. Atomic number
B. Mass number
C. Atomic mass
D. Atomic mass unit

18. 1 amu is approximately

equal to
A. 6.23 x 10 ^ -27 kg
B. 2.36 x 10 ^ -27 kg
C. 3.62 x 10 ^ -27 kg
D. 1.66 x 10 ^ -27 kg

19. The group of elements that

do not normally combine with
other elements to form
compounds
A. Alkali Metals
B. Chalcogens
C. Inert gases or noble gases
D. Halogens

20. What do you call the

electrons in the outermost
orbitals?
A. Valence electrons
B. super electrons
C. holes
D. active electrons

21. Calculate the mass of the

product of reaction of 6.54 g of
zinc with 3.21 g of sulfur.
A. 21 g
B. 3.33 g
C. 9.75 g
D. 10.15 g

22. Calculate the mass of the

oxygen that reacts with 1.24 g of
methane (natural gas) to form
3.41 g of carbon dioxide and
2.79 g of water.
A. 7.38 g
B. 1.86 g
C. 0.62 g
D. 4.96 g

ATOMIC MASS
The atomic mass (or atomic
weight) of an element is the
average of the elements
isotopic masses.
Atomic mass m p m p m p ...
1 1

Where

mn mass of isotopes 1,2,3...

pn percent abundance of isotopes 1,2,3...

23. Calculate the atomic mass of

an element if 60.4% of the
atoms have a mass of 68.9257
amu and the rest have a mass of
70.9249 amu.
A. 67.9 amu
B. 69.7 amu
C. 79.6 amu
D. 97.6 amu

24. Calculate the atomic mass of

an element if 60.4% of the
atoms have a mass of 68.9257
amu and the rest have a mass of
70.9249 amu.
A. 79.6 amu
B. 67.9 amu
C. 96.7 amu
D. 69.7 amu

Practice Problem:
Calculate the percentage of bromine
atoms that have a mass of 78.9183
amu and the percentage that have a
mass of 80.9163 amu. The atomic
mass of bromine is 79.909 amu, and
theses are the only two naturally
occurring isotopes.
A. 35.3%, 64.7%
C. 50.4%, 49.6%
B. 47.5% , 52.5% D. 63.2%, 36.8%

FORMULA MASS
The formula mass (or formula weight) is the sum
of the masses of all atoms in a given formula.
THE MOLE
A mole is the amount of pure substance containing
the same number of chemical units, as there are
atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.
AVOGADROS NUMBER
One mole refers to Avogadros number of particles of
anything:

NA 6.02 10

23

MOLE MASS CONVERSIONS

The formula for calculating among mass,
gram-formula mass (also known as molar
mass), and the number of moles:

m
n
FM
Where:
n = number of moles
m = mass of the substance in grams
M= molar mass in grams per mole

MOLE NUMBERS OF PARTICLES

CONVERSION

Conversion factor: 23
1 mole 6.02 10

particles

EXAMPLE:
How many particles are in 2.00 moles
of SO2?Ans. 1.2 x 1024 particles

25. Calculate the formula mass

of (NH4)2HPO4 (one type of
fertilizer).
A. 125 amu
B. 132 amu
C. 110 amu
D. 148 amu

26. Calculate the number of

moles of Al atoms in 5.75 x
1024 Al atoms.
A. 19.1 mol Al atoms
B. 9.55 mol Al atoms
C. 4.77 mol Al atoms
D. 14.3 mol Al atoms

27. Calculate the number of

moles of H2 molecules in 5.75 x
1024 H2 molecules.
A. 19.1 mol H2 molecules
B. 9.55 mol H2 molecules
C. 4.77 mol H2 molecules
D. 14.3 mol H2 molecules

28. Calculate the number of

molecules in 30 g NH3.
A. 1.06 x 1024 molecules
B. 3.08 x 1024 molecules
C. 1.06 x 1023 molecules
D. 3.08 x 1023 molecues

29. In a 5.00-g sample of carbon,

how many of the atoms have a
mass of 12.01 amu?
A. None
B. 2.507 x 1023 molecules
C. 2.507 x 1024 molecules
D. 1.44 x 1024 molecules

EMPIRICAL FORMULA
An empirical formula is a formula that gives the simplest
whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Steps for Determining an Empirical Formula
Start with the number of grams of each element, given in the
problem.
If percentages are given, assume that the total mass is
100 grams so that the mass of each element = the
percent given.
2. Convert the mass of each element to moles using the molar
mass from the periodic table.
3. Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles
calculated.
Round to the nearest whole number. This is the mole ratio of
the elements and isrepresented by subscripts in the empirical
formula.(If one of the numbers is 1.5, you would multiply

each number by 2, and get a whole number of 3).

30. Calculate the empirical

formula of hypo, used in
photographic development,
consisting of 29.1% Na, 40.5% S,
and 30.4% O.
A. NaS2O2
B. NaS2O3
C. Na2S4O3
D. Na2S2O3

MOLECULAR FORMULA
Once the empirical formula is found, the molecular
formula for a compound can be determined if the
molar mass of the compound is known.
Steps for Determining molecular Formula
1. Find the empirical formula
2. Find the mass of the empirical unit.
3. Divide the molecular mass of the compound by
the mass of the empirical formula.
4. Multiply all the atoms (subscripts) of the
empirical formula by this ratio to find the
molecular formula.

31. Calculate the molecular

formula of a compound with
molar mass 104 g/mol composed
of 92.3% carbon and 7.7%
hydrogen.
A. C8H8
B. C7H14
C. C2H3
D. C7H8

CHEMICAL REACTION
A chemical reaction is a
process in which a substance or
a combination of substances
undergo
a
change
in
appearance or properties, and
further
transform
into
a
different
substance
or
a
combination of new substances.

CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
DIRECT COMBINATION OR
SYNTHESIS
A B AB

DECOMPOSITION

AB A B

SINGLE REPLACEMENT
REACTIONS
A BC AC B

Double Replacement
Reactions

AB CD AD CB

32. The reaction Na2O + H2O

2NaOH illustrates a
A. Synthesis Reaction
B. Metathesis Reaction
C. Single Replacement Reaction
D. Decomposition Reaction

33. The reaction Ba(OH)2 +

2CuCNS Ba(CNS)2 + 2CuOH
is an example of
A. Synthesis Reaction
B. Metathesis Reaction
C. Single Replacement Reaction
D. Decomposition Reaction

34. The decomposition of a given

compound can be carried out
A. by heating the compound
B. by passing the electric current
while heating
C. by passing the electric current
D. either by passing electric
current or heating

I. UNITS OF CONCENTRATION
MOLE FRACTION
The number of moles of solute
divided by the number of
moles of solvent and all
solutes.
XA

nA
nA nB

or

XB

nB
nA nB

NORMALITY
The number of gram equivalent
weights of solute per liter. A
solution is normal if there is
exactly one gram equivalent
weight per liter.
nORMALITY

Equivalent weight in grams

Vsolution in liters

MOLARITY
Molarity (M) is defined as the
number of moles of solute
dissolved in 1 liter of solution.
In other words, molarity is a
ratio between number of moles
of solute and the
number
of
nsolute
M
liters of solution.
Vsolution ( L )

FORMALITY
The number of gram formula
weights (i.e., molecular
weights in grams) per liter of
solution.
FO
RM
ALITY

Formula weight in grams

Vsolution in liters

MOLALITY
Molality (m) is defined as the
number of moles of solute
dissolved in 1 kg of solvent. In
other words molality is the
ratio between the number of
moles of solute and the mass
mass solute
of the solvent
expressed
in
n
MM solute
m

kg
kilograms.kg
solute

solvent

solvent

PERCENT OF VOLUME
Percent of volume refers to the
number of millilitres of solute
dissolved in 100 ml of solution.
volume solute
% volume
x100
volume solution

DILUTION
Dilution is the process of adding
solvent (usually water) to a
concentrated solution to achieve a
solution of the desired concentration.
When we dilute a solution, we do not
change the number of moles of solute
present, we simply add more solvent.
Mol es of sol uteafter dilution=Mol es of sol ute beforedil ution
Thus,
n
n

MV
MV
after
after

before

before

35. Calculate the molarity of a

250-mL solution containing
80.0 mmol of solute.
A. 0.567 M
B. 0.320 M
C. 0.118 M
D. 0.235 M

36. Calculate the number of

moles of solute required to
make 50.00 mL of 1.500 M
solution
A. 0.025 mol
B. 0.75 mol
C. 0.075 mol
D. 0.25 mol

37. Calculate the molarity of a

solution after 1.70 L of 2.06 M
solution is diluted to 2.50 L.
A. 1.20 M
B. 2.10 M
C. 1.50 M
D. 1.40 M

38. Calculate the mole fraction of a

solution of 0.015 mol of NaCl in
50.0 g of water if the solution has a
density of 1.02 g/mL.
A. 0.00536
B. 0.0536
C. 0.536
D. 0.000536

39. Calculate the molality of an

alcohol in aqueous solution if
the mole fraction of the alcohol
is 0.150.
A. 3.60 m alcohol
B. 5.40 m alcohol
C. 9.80 m alcohol
D. 10.12 m alcohol

ACIDS AND BASES

ACIDS
Acid is any compound that dissociates H+ ions into water .
Acids with 1,2, and 3 ionizable hydrogen atoms are called
monoprotic, diprotic, and triprotic acids, respectively.
Properties of Acids:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Acid conducts electricity in aqueous solutions

Acids have a sour taste
Acids turn blue litmus paper to red
Acids have pH between 0 and 7
Acids neutralizes bases
Acids react with active metals to form hydrogen
Acids react with oxides and hydroxides to form salts and
water

pH Equation:

1
pH log
H

For a partially ionized

compound, X, in a solution of
known molarity, M, the ionic
concentration is:
X fraction ionized M

BASES
Base is any compound that dissociates OH- ions into water.
Bases with 1, 2, and 3 replaceable hydroxide ions are
called monohydroxic, dihydroxic, and trihydroxic bases,
respectively.

Properties of Basis:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Bases
Bases
Bases
Bases
Bases

conduct electricity in aqueous solutions

have bitter taste
turn red litmus paper to blue
have pH between 7 and 14
neutralize acids, forming salts and water

pOH Equation:

pOH log

OH

pH and pOH Relationship:

pH pOH 14

40. Battery acid is the common

name for
A. formic acid
B. hydrochloric acid
C. nitric acid
D. sulfuric acid

41. When one element causes

the oxidation of another
element, it is
A. oxidized
B. an acid
C. reduced
D. a base

42. According to the Bronsted

Theory, an acid is
A. a proton donor
B. a proton acceptor
C. an electron donor
D. an electron acceptor

43. The pH of an acid solution is

A. 3
B. 7
C. 9
D. 10

44. The pH of a solution with a

hydrogen ion concentration of
1 x 103 is
A. +3
B. -3
C. 3
D. +11

45. The pH concentration of a

solution that has a hydroxide
ion concentration of 1 x 10-4
mol/L is
A. 4
B. -4
C. 10
D. -10

46. A 10-6 M HCl solution is

diluted to 100 times. The pH of
the diluted solution would be
A. between 6 to 7
B. between 7 to 8
C. equal to 7
D. equal to 10

47. A substance which can act

both an acid and a base is:
A. allotropic
B. amphoteric
C. isotopic
D. amorphous