If A and B are both m n matrices then the sum of A and B,

denoted A + B, is a matrix obtained by adding corresponding

corresponding
elements of
elements
of AA and
and B.
B.
add
these
add
these
add
these
add
these
add these
add these

1 1 1 222 22 2
AA
A 1 1 22 22
AA 0 0 0 111 33 3
0

1
3
0 1 3

3 0 4
333 3000 0 444 4
B

BB
BB
2 2 2311 0144 4 4
B 22 1
1
44
2 1 4

22

2
2
A

AAAABBBB 2
22

2
2222
0
0

6
666
1

A B B A

A ( B C ) ( A B) C

If A is an m n matrix and s is a scalar, then we let kA denote the

matrix obtained by multiplying every element of A by k. This
procedure is called scalar multiplication.

1 2 2
A

1
3

31 3 2 3 2 3 6 6
3A

3
0
3

1
3
3
0

3
9

PROPERTIES OF SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

k hA kh A

k h A kA hA
k A B kA kB

The m n zero matrix, denoted 0, is the m n

matrix whose elements are all zeros.

0 0
0 0

0 0
13

22

A0 A
A ( A) 0

0 A 0

The multiplication of matrices is easier shown than put

into words. You multiply the rows of the first matrix
with the columns of the second adding products

Find AB

3 2 1
A

0 4 1

11 1 3 5
3 3 2 2 2 2

2 4

B 1 3
3 1

First we multiply across the first row and down the

first column adding products. We put the answer in
the first row, first column of the answer.

Find AB

3 2 1
A

0 4 1
55
AB
AB
1

2 4

B 1 3
3 1

77 7

24424
4
442
003003

4
33123
31111 311
7 1
11

Notice the sizes of A and B and the size of the product AB.
Now we multiply across the first
second
rowrow
andand
down
down
the the
second
first
We multiplied across first row and down first column
column column
second
and welland
putwell
the answer
put the in
answer
the second
first
in the
row,row,
second
second
firstrow,
so we put the answer in the first row, first column.
column.column.
second

To multiply matrices A and B

look at their dimensions

m n

n p

MUST BE SAME
SIZE OF PRODUCT

If the number of columns of A does not

equal the number of rows of B then the
product AB is undefined.

Now lets look at the product BA.

2 4
3 2 1
A

B 1 3
0 4 1
3 1 3132121213123223114134034140104410

9
6414
2312
ly
ip
mult
across
acrossthird
second
second
third
row
row
row
row
across
first
second
row
row
as
as
aswe
we
godown
down
we
as
we
go go
go
down
down
first
third
third
first
second
second
third
column:
column:
column:
column:
column:
second
column:
first
column:
column:

32

can

23

12
12
12
12 2
6 666 12
2 22
size of a n swer

BA
BA
BA
BA
BA

3
3
3
14
14
14

4
4
4

99 10
4
10

Commuter's Beware!
Completely different than AB!

AB BA

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION

A BC AB C
A B C AB AC

A B C AC BC

AB BA

Is it possible for AB = BA ?,yes it is possible.

What is AI?

2 1 2
0 1 5 A

2 2 3

1 0 0

I 3 20 1 12 0
What is IA? 0 1 5 A

1
2 0 2 0
3
1 2

2
A 0 1 5
2 2 3

Multiplying a
matrix by the
identity gives the
matrix back again.

1 0 0

I 3 0 1 0
0 0 1

an n n matrix with ones on the main diagonal

and zeros elsewhere

Can we find a matrix to multiply the first matrix by to

get the identity?

3 1 1 2 1
? 3

2 2
0

2
1

1
1

3 4
2 0
2

Let A be an n n matrix. If there exists a matrix B

such that AB = BA = I then we call this matrix the
inverse of A and denote it A-1.

If A has an inverse we say that A is nonsingular.

If A-1 does not exist we say A is singular.
To
matrix A,
A, a
a
To find
find the
the inverse
inverse of
of a
a matrix
matrix we
we put
put the
the matrix
line
identity matrix.
matrix. We
We then
then perform
perform row
row
line and
and then
then the
the identity
operations
toturn
turnititinto
intothe
theidentity.
identity. We
We
operations on
on matrix
matrix A
A to
carry
right hand
hand side
side
carry the
the row
row operations
operations across
across and
and the
the right
will
will turn
turn into
into the
the inverse.
inverse.
3
1

3 1 0
1
2 7 0 1

1 3 1 0
2r1+r2 0 1 2 1

2 7
0
1 3 1

r2 0 1 2 1

r1 r2

3
1 0 7
0 1 2 1

3
1
A

2 7

3
7
A

2 1
1

Check this answer by multiplying. We should

get the identity matrix if weve found the
inverse.

1 0
AA

0 1
1

We can use A-1 to solve a system of equations

x 3y 1
2x 5 y 3

To see how, we can re-write a

system of equations as matrices.

Ax b
coefficient
matrix

variable
matrix

1 3
2 5

x
y

constant
matrix

1

3

Ax b
1

left multiply both sides

by the inverse of A

A Ax A b
This is just the identity

Ix A b

but the identity times a

matrix just gives us
back the matrix so we
This then gives us a formula have:
for finding the variable
matrix: Multiply A inverse
by the constants.

x A b

 1 3
A

2 5

x 3y 1
2x 5 y 3
1 3 1 0
2 5 0 1

-r2

-2r1+r2

1 3 1 0
0 1 2 1

5 3
1
A b

2 1

r1-3r2

1 4
3 1

find the inverse

1 0
1 3
0 1 2 1

1 0 5 3
0 1 2 1

x
y

This is the
answer to
the system