DESIGN OF PREFABRICATED MODULAR

HOUSING FOR DIFFERENT OCCUPANCIES AT

PANCHESHWAR POWER PLANT
BY:
FEBA MARY THOMAS (1010910068)
HARSHAL RASTOGI
(1010910079)
JITHESH DHARMADAS (1010910087)
PROJECT GUIDE

Dr. M. LAKSHMIPATHY

OBJECTIVE
For the inhabitants (about 5327
households ) displaced due to the
implementation of the Pancheshwar
Power Project on Mahakali river;
housing is required to rehabilitate
them

NECESSITY
Pancheshwar Power Project is proposed as a
Nepal-India bi-national scheme on the Mahakali
river with a capacity of 6720 MW. With its
implementation, a total of 41,330 persons from
5327 households have been displaced for which
rehabilitation works has to be completed by
2012-2013 but as for now the progress is too
slow to reach the deadline.
For faster construction and as an approach to
affordable homes , we provide a solution to
mass housing using precast members.

SCOPE
The project envisages selection of a
suitable plan as per modular coordination
and use of building architecture for proper
functioning and orientation of the building.
The houses are proposed to be classified
on the basis of income groups (i.e. High
Income Group, Medium Income Group
and Low Income Group) which will then
decide the corresponding plan areas.

METHODOLOGY
Selection of a realistic site.
Suggestion of a suitable plan for mass housing with grid
dimensions.
Selection of type of precast structural system.
Collection of necessary data and code books as required
for the project.
Design of foundation as per soil specifications of the site.
Selection of type of connection to be employed.
Design of precast members- Beams, columns and slabs.
Installation of the members as per design plan.
Provision for grid wise extension of the designed plan.

MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE

Planning and layout of a residential building.
Grid wise distribution of plan.
Design of structural and non- structural precast
members.
Design of connections between individual
precast members.

REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

Manufacturing constraints:
The design of functional plan and construction technology
shall ensure that the project can be implemented in the
shortest possible time with acceptable quality.
Safety constraints:
The design of all joints between prefabricated components
shall meet the accepted procedures
Social constraints:
The compulsion to provide housing for people belonging to
different status in society within the shortest possible time
due to mass displacement.

REFERENCE TO CODES AND

STANDARDS
IS 10297:1982
Code for practice for design and construction of
floors and roof using precast reinforced/
prestressed concrete.
IS 875 :1987 Part (1&2)
Design loads for buildings and structures(Dead
load & Imposed load).
IS 456 :2000
Design co-efficient, Limit state design method.

APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK

MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT
AND TEAMWORK
This project involves in interacting with the
government officials of the Pancheshwar Project
for getting necessary data.

SOFTWARE USED
AutoCAD

CONCLUSION (expected)
The project would successfully complete
the design of modular houses using
advanced technology and a solution to
quicker construction with economic
advantages.
Completion of the project will finally help in
gaining vital and practical implementations
in accordance with safety and
serviceability of the designed units.

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

(tentative)
The implementation of the project will be of a great help
to the rising need of quicker construction and in the field
of mass housing techniques.
It will be a boon for the weaker sections of society where
owning a house is still a common dream and the
economic advantage of the project would be effectively
implemented.
Provisions for extension of plan for other suitability
issues is also included for satisfying different functional
needs.

Distribution of Households as
per Income Groups
As per rehabilitation works at Pancheshwar
Power Project, we need a total of 5327
households, out of which we assume as per
guidance in Planning Commission, Government
of India:
20% belonging to HIG i.e. 1066 households.
50% belonging to MIG i.e. 2664 households.
30% belonging to LIG i.e. 1597 households.

Allocation of Area for each

Household
The rehabilitation site being Pithoragarh and an available
area of 200 acres as per Rehabilitation Proposal of the
Pancheshwar Power Project.
We adopt the carpet area of households according to the
specifications provided by Planning Commission,
Government of India, as follows:
HIG- 150m2 (1615sqft)
MIG- 90m2 (968sqft)
LIG- 60m2 (646sqft)

ARCHITECTURAL INPUTS

Orientation according to the sun-diagram

Anthropometrics
Space standards
Functional Planning and Circulation

ORIENTATION
The orientation of a house is done
according to the sun-diagram as shown in
Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.1 The sun diagram

ANTHROPOMETRICS

The dimensions of the human body as shown in Fig. 3.2 and the sizes of the
furniture help in deciding the space required in the design of a room. The
size of the sofa in the living room, dining room in the dining room, bed in the
bedroom, stove and fridge in the kitchen, the closet in the bath etc. help to
decide the size of the rooms with proper clearances provided between the
furniture for easy movement.

Fig. 3.2 Anthropometrics

SPACE STANDARDS
Space is a specific volume which provides for a
specific form of human activity. The common
factor in buildings and areas in the concept of
space. An architectural space is man-made. The
space must be technically efficient and
aesthetically satisfying.
Every space accommodates an activity or a
function, which decides the area and volume
required. The activities determine the furniture
requirements for the space.

FUNCTIONAL PLANNING AND

CIRCULATION
The design of a building depends upon
the nature of the building. Every building
has a special character of its own. The
function of the building is to be
ascertained first. Then different blocks or
units are to be planned. The units are then
joined together to form a whole building.
The sizes of various units depends upon
the number

CONCEPT OF MODULAR
COORDINATION EMPLOYED IN THE
PROPORTIONING OF PLAN
Modular coordination is a dimensional coordination
employing the basic module or a multi-module. A Module
is the unit of size used in dimensional coordination. A
multi module is a module whose size is a selected
multiple of the basic module.
The purposes of modular coordination are:
1. To reduce the variety of component sizes produced
2. To allow the building designer greater flexibility in the
arrangement of components.

 Rules related to the basic elements according to modular

coordination :
1. Planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan
shall be 3M. The centre lines of load bearing walls
should preferably coincide with grid lines.
2. Planning module in the vertical direction shall be 1M.
3. Preferred increments for sill heights, doors, windows
and other fenestration shall be 1M.
4. In case of internal columns, the grid lines shall coincide
with the centre lines of columns.
5. In case of external columns and columns near the lift
and stair, the grid lines shall coincide with centre lines
of the column in the topmost storeys.

MODULAR COORDINATION
ADOPTED IN COMPONENTS
FLOORING AND ROOFING SCHEME: Precast slabs or
other precast structural flooring units:
1. Length- multiples of 1M
2. Width- multiples of 0.5M
3. Overall thickness- multiples of 0.1M
. BEAMS:
1. Length- multiples of 1M.
2. Width- multiples of 0.1M
3. Overall depth- multiples of 0.1M

 COLUMNS:
1. Height- multiples of 1M
2. Lateral dimensions- multiples of 0.1M
. WALLS:
1. Thickness- multiples of 0.1M
. LINTELS:
1. Length- multiples of 1M
2. Width- multiples of 0.1M
3. Depth- multiples of 0.1M
. SUNSHADES:
1. Length- multiples of 1M
2. Projection- multiples of 0.5M

CONCEPT OF MODULAR
COORDINATION
Modular coordination is a concept of
coordination of dimension and space, in which
buildings and components are dimensioned
and positioned in a term of a basic unit or
module, known as 1M.
The principal objective of implementing
Modular Coordination is to improve productivity
in the building industry through industrialization.

TERMINOLOGY
Module: A unit of size used as an increment in
dimensional coordination.
Modular size: A size that is a multiple of the
basic module.
Modular grid: A rectangular coordinate reference
system in which the distance between the
consecutive lines is the basic module or a multi
module. The multi module may differ for each of
the two dimensions of the grid.
Multi module: A module whose size is a selected
multiple of the basic module.

BENEFITS OF MODULAR
COORDINATION
To obtain maximum economy in the production of
components.
Simplifies site operations by rationalizing setting out,
positioning and assembly of building components.
Ensures dimensional coordination between
installation (equipment, storage units, other fitted
furniture, etc.) as well as with the rest of the building.
To allow the building design a greater flexibility in the
arrangement of components.

Finalized LIG Plan

The plan for LIG having a carpet area of 60m 2. All dimensions are
in m.

Finalized MIG Plan

The plan for MIG having a carpet area of 90m 2. All dimensions
are in m.

Finalized HIG Plan

The plan for HIG having a carpet area of 150m 2. All dimensions are in m.

PLAN INCLUDING LIG, MIG, HIG

IDENTIFICATION OF
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Masonry wall- A wall made from materials which
have traditionally been cemented together with
the use of mortar.
Reinforced Concrete Columns- They are
structural members designed to carry
compressive loads, composed of concrete with
an embedded steel cage to provide
reinforcement.

 Reinforced Concrete Beam- A beam is a

structural element that is capable of
withstanding load primarily by developing
bending stresses and resisting it.
Reinforced Concrete Slab - A structural member
whose thickness is small compared to its plan
dimensions, spanning between beams, girders,
or columns, walls etc.

DESIGN OF SLAB
SPAN: 3m*5m
STEP 1: TO DETERMINE THE TYPE OF SLAB
Lx = 3m
Ly = 5m
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415N/mm2
Ly/Lx = 1.667< 2

(TWO WAY SLAB)

End condition = Four edges discontinuous

STEP 2: EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SLAB
Span/depth ratio = 28
Effective depth = 107.14mm
Provide effective depth of 120mm, effective cover of 20mm.
Over all depth is 140mm
STEP 3: LOADS
Self weight of Slab = 0.14X 1 X 25
= 3.5 KN/m2
Live Load (IS 875 Part-2; Pg: 09)
= 2 KN/m2
Floor Finish
= 1 KN/m2
Total load
= 6.5KN/m2
Design Ultimate Load, W u = 1.5 x 6.5
Wu = 9.75 KN/m2 say 10KN/m2

STEP 4: ULTIMATE DESIGN MOMENT & SHEAR

Refer IS456 2000; Pg: 91 Table 26
a) SHORT DIRECTION
M = xW uLx2
No Negative Moment due to absence of continuous edges.
Positive at Mid Span
x = 0.0945
M = 0.0945x 10 x 32
M = 8.505 kNm
b) LONG DIRECTION
No Negative Moment due to absence of continuous edges.
Positive at Mid Span
y = 0.056
M = 0.056 x 10 x 52
M= 14 kNm
STEP 5: CHECK FOR DEPTH
Mu.lim = 0.138 x fck x bd2
d = 71.22mm < 120mm, Hence chosen depth is safe.
STEP 6: REINFORCEMENT (short & long span)
Min. Ast = 168mm2
Positive at mid span
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d
14 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 120
Ast = 323.13mm2

Spacing should least of the following

Spacing
= 459.3mm say 460mm
3d
= 3(120) =360mm
300mm
Ast(pro) =392.7 mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars @ 200mm c/c as main steel.
Distribution steel
As per minimum steel,
Ast = 168mm2
Provide 8mm diameter bars @ 300mm c/c as distribution steel.
STEP 7: CHECK FOR SHEAR
Considering the short span unit width of slab.
Vu = 0.5 x W u x Lx = 0.5 x 10 x 3
Vu = 15kN
v = 0.107 N/mm2
Pt = 0.28 (Refer table 19, IS456-2000; Pg: 73)
c = 0.39 N/mm2 >v (0.107N/mm2)
Hence Shear Safe
STEP 8: CHECK FOR DEFLECTION
Basic = 20 For pt = 0.28, (IS456-2000, Pg: 38)
kt = 1.2
Max > Actual
Basic x kt >21.42
20 x 1.2 > 21.42
24 > 21.42, Hence Deflection are Safe

STEP 9: CHECK FOR ERECTION STRESSES

Hooks are provided at 1m offset from edge in longer span and .5m offset from edge in shorter span, at all four corners
of slab.
Load on slab due to erection= self weight of slab= 52.5kN/m
Check for dimensions:
Negative moment at the edge due to cantilever= 52.5x0.5x0.5/2=6.56kNm
Positive moment at mid span= 52.5x2x2/8=26.25kNm
Net excess moment= 19.69kNm
Mexcess = 0.138 x fck x bd2
d = 84.27mm < 120mm, Hence chosen depth is safe
Thus slab is safe for erection stresses too.

PLINTH BEAM DESIGN

5m span
STEP 1: ADOPT A PRELIMINARY BREADTH AND DEPTH
d=L/20= 5000/20= 250mm
D=d+effective cover= 250+30= 280mm
b =150mm
STEP 2: LOAD CALCULATIONS
Self weight= .15*.28*25=1.05kN/m
Weight of brick masonry wall above plinth =.15*2.6*19= 7.41kN/m
Total Load= 8.46kN/m
Factored Load= 1.5*8.46=12.69~=13kN/m
STEP 3: MOMENT CALCULATIONS
Mu=Wu*leff*leff/30= 13*5*5/30= 10.83kNm
Mu,lim= .138fckbd2 =.138*20*150*250*250= 25.875kNm
Mu<Mu,lim Hence adopted dimensions are safe.
STEP 4: REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
Mu=0.87fyAstd(1-(Astfy/bdfck))
Ast=129.22mm2
Ast, minimum= (.85/fy)*b*D=(.85/415)*150*280=86.02mm2
Ast, cal>Ast, min
Adopt 10mm dia bars.
No.of bars= 129.22/78.5=2
Hence providing 3Y10 as tension steel.

STEP 5: DESIGN OF STIRRUPS

Shear force Vu=Wu*L/2= 13*5/2= 32.5kN
Nominal shear stress= Vu/bd= 32500/(150*250)=.87N/mm2
Permissible Shear Strength of concrete as per Table 19 IS 456 for M20 and Ast=235.5mm2 =.5N/mm2
Nominal shear stress> Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for Nominal shear stress= Permissible Shear
Strength.
Vus=.87*fy*Asv*d/sv
32500=.87*415*Asv*250/300
Asv=108.01mm2
For a two legged 10 dia stirrup, 2*78.5=157mm2>Asv
Hence provide 2LY10@300c/c for shear reinforcements
STEP 6: CHECK FOR DEFLECTION
Basic = 20
For Pt = 0.628, (IS456-2000, Pg: 38)
Kt = 1.8
20 X 1.8 > 20
36 > 20
Hence Deflection is Safe.
STEP 7: CHECK FOR ERECTION STRESSES
Hooks are provided at 0.3m offset from both edges.
Load on beam due to erection= self weight of beam= 1.05kN/m

Check for dimensions:

Negative moment at the edge due to cantilever= 1.05x0.3x0.3/2=0.047kNm
Positive moment at mid span= 1.05x4.4x4.4/8=2.541kNm
Net excess moment= 2.494kNm
Moment adopted for design=10.83 kNm
Moment adopted for design> Net excess moment due to erection
Thus beam is safe for erection stresses too.

INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN

STEP 1: LOAD CALCULATIONS
Load on column= 120 KN.
Design constant a) Grade of concrete =M20 b) Grade of steel = Fe415.
L = Unsupported length of the column in mm = 4650mm
Design load Pu = 1.5 x120 =180 kN.
STEP 2: COLUMN DIMENSIONS
The cross-sectional dimensions required will depend on the percentage of reinforcement.
Assume percentage of comp. steel between 0.8 to 6% of gross c/s area
Assuming 1.0 percent reinforcement and referring to Chart 25 SP16 Design Aids,
Ag= 500cm2
Adopting square column, hence providing 250*250mm
STEP 3: TYPE OF COLUMN
Leff/b= 1*4650/250=18.6>12, hence long column.
STEP 4: ADDITIONAL MOMENT DUE TO BUCKLING IN LONG COLUMN
Max=May=(Pu*D/2000)*(Leff/D)2
=186000*250/2000*(1*4650/250)2 = 8.04kNm
Puz = 0.45fck Ac + 0.75fy As =751.40kN
Pu/Puz=.2, n=1
Mux=Muy= 15.028kNm,
Interaction equation=.958 <1.0 as per SP16 Design Aids
STEP 3: LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS
Asc = 1.0 % Ag= 625mm2
For = 12 No of Bar = N =5.52~=6

STEP 4: SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS

a) Select diameter of lateral ties least of
6 mm or 1/4 diameter of the largest longitudinal bar not less than 16 mm diameter.
Diameter of the lateral ties / link =8 mm
b) Spacing of lateral ties / link Least of
i) Least lateral dimension of column =250mm
ii) Sixteen times the smallest dia. of bar = 16 x 12=192mm and
iii) 300 mm
Provide 8 mm dia. @ 150 C/c
STEP 7: SUMMARY OF DESIGN
1. Column size: 250x250 mm
2. Longitudinal Steel: 6Y12
3. Lateral Steel: 2LY8@150c/c

STEP 8: CHECK FOR ERECTION STRESSES

Hooks are provided at L/3m i.e. 1.55m offset from both edges.
Load on beam due to erection= self weight of column= 1.5625kN/m
Check for dimensions:
Negative moment at the edge due to cantilever= 1.5625x1.55x1.55/2=1.87kNm
Positive moment at mid span= 1.5625x2.325x2.325/8=1.05kNm
Net excess moment= 0.814kNm
Mexcess = 0.138 x fck x bd2
d = 34.35mm < 170mm, Hence chosen depth is safe
Check for shear:
Vu = 0.5 x W u x L = 0.5 x 1.5625 x 1.15
Vu = .898kN
v = 0.014 N/mm2
Pt = 1.0
(Refer table 19, IS456-2000; Pg: 73)
c = 0.62 N/mm2 >v (0.014N/mm2)
Hence Shear Safe
Thus column is safe for erection stresses too.

FOOTING
Data:
SBC of soil = 200 kPa
Unit weight of soil = 18 kNm3
= 30
Grade of concrete = M20
Steel bars used = Fe 415
Load from column = 258 kN
Step 1: Determination of depth of foundation:
Depth of foundation = qss[1-sin1+sin]2
= 20018[1-sin301+sin30]2
= 1.3 m
Hence we have to excavate soil upto 1.3 m below ground level
Step 2: Determination of plan area:
Area = A = loadqs
= W+Wfqs
= 258+0.1258200
= 1.419 m2
Step 3: Determination of width of foundation:
Assuming a square footing:
Width of the square footing = B = A = 1.419 = 1.19 m
Lets us assume the width of the footing = 1.2 m
Hence, we have to provide a square footing of size 1.2 m1.2 m

Step 4: Determination of maximum bending moment:

Maximum bending moment = wa22
Where,
w= upward soil pressure in kNm
a= B2-b2
B= width of foundation = 1.2 m
B = width of column = 300 mm = 0.3 m
w = load from columnplan areaB
= [2581.22]1.2
= 215 kNm
Ultimate bending moment = Mu = 1.5215.4522
= 32.65 kN-m
Step 5: Calculation of effective depth:
Mu=.36fckbd2k(1-.42k)
d=Mu.36fckbk1-.42k
d=32.65106.36201200.48(1-.42.48) = 99.305 mm
Hence, let us adopt a depth of 175 mm.

Step 6: Calculation of Ast:

Mu= .87fyAstd1-fyAstfckbd
32.65 106 = .87415Ast1751-415Ast201200175
From the above equation: Ast = 546.22 mm 2
Ast,min= .0012(bD)
= .0012(1200230) = 331.2 mm2
Hence, Ast>Ast,min
Step 7: Check for one way shear:
For one way shear the critical section will take place at a distance, d from one face of column.
Upward shear force = V=upward soil pressurearea
= 1.52581.22.2751.2
= 88.68kN
Nominal shear stress = v = Vbd
= 88.6810001200175
= .422 mPa
As per IS 456: 2000:
v kc

From IS 456: 2000, table number 19:

percentage of tension steel=p=100Astbd = .26
For,
p = .26 and fck= 20 mPa
c= .36 mPa
k=1

Hence,
v>(kc)
The depth chosen is not adequate as per one way shear criteria and the depth has to be redesigned.
1.52581.22.275-d1.2= .361.2d
From the above equation; d = 274 mm
Adopting the depth to be 300 mm
Step 8: Check for two way shear/ punching shear:
The punching shear occurs at a distance of half of the effective depth from all the faces of column.

Fig. 7: Critical section for punching shear

Shear force = V = soil pressure area
= 215 [1.22-.2+.32]
= 255.85 kN

v= Vbd
= 2558504600300
= .355 mPa
c = .25fck= .2520 = .64 mPa
ks=1
v< ksc
Hence, the design is safe.
Step 9: Check for bearing stress:
Bearing stress = wcolAg
= 2581033002
= 2.867 mPa
.45fckA1A2 = .45202 = 12.47 mPa
=>2.867<12.47
Hence, the design is safe against bearing.
Step 10: Spacing of reinforcement:
Assuming 10 mm bars for main reinforcement, the spacing = s = .7851021200546.22 = 172 mm 150 mm
Hence, 10 mm dia Fe 415 bars will be provided @ 150 mm c/c distance as main reinforcement.
Spacing of transverse reinforcement:
Assuming 8 mm diameter bars, spacing = s = .785641200.00123561200 = 117.6 mm 100 mm
Hence, 8 mm dia Fe415 bars will be provided @ 100 mm c/c distance as transverse reinforcement.

JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS

Connections are among the most essential parts in
precast structures. Their performance relates to the
structural limit states, as well as to manufacture, erection
and maintenance of the structure itself. Proper design of
connections is one major key to a successful
prefabrication.
The main purpose of the structural connections is to
transfer forces between the precast concrete elements in
order to obtain a structural interaction when the system
is loaded.

 By the ability to transfer forces, the connections should

secure the intended structural behavior of the
superstructure and the precast subsystems that are
integrated in it.
This could for instance be to establish diaphragm action
in precast floors and walls, or cantilever action in precast
shafts. For this reason the structural connections should
be regarded as essential and integrated parts of the
structural system and they should be designed
accordingly and with the same care as for the precast
concrete elements. It is insufficient just to consider the
connections as details for site erection.
The advantages that normally are obtainable with
prefabrication can be lost with an inappropriate design
and detailing of the structural connections.

FLOOR TO BEAM CONNECTIONS

Details of typical bearing of a floor unit
over the precast beam are shown in Fig. 1
the stirrups of the precast beams are
protruded and function as shear
connectors
The reinforcing bars of the in-situ
screeding concrete are extended over the
beam supports so as to ensure continuity.

Fig. 1 Precast slab to beam joint

BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS

The bracket support for the beam over the column is shown
in Fig. 2.
A tolerance of 2-3 cm is allowed at the seating of the beam
over the bracket.
A dowel bar inserted through the holes provided in the
bracket and the beam ensures an effective connection
between them.
The top reinforcing bars of the precast beams are connected
to thecolumn joint by welding. Since only a few number of
bars are welded, it is assumed that the connection between
the beam and the column is a rigid one at the serviceability
stage, but behaves as a hinged one at the ultimate stage

Fig. 2 Precast beam to column joint

FOUNDATIONS
The foundations usually cast as in-situ
isolated footings as the local soil
conditions warrant.
The bottom end of the precast column is
connected to the foundation as shown in
Fig. 3

Fig. 3 In-situ footing to precast column connection

PRODUCTION AND ERECTION

The method of production depends on the total number of
prefabricated elements that are to be produced. The
components may be produced either in a factory on mass
scale or in casting yards located near the site and
equipped with the necessary plant and machinery.
For facilitating erection, lifting hooks are provided in the
precast floors and beams. Erection eyes as given in Fig.4
provided in the structural elements help in lifting them
during transportation and erection using temporary
bracing.
For transportation and erection purposes the hook
placements adopted are shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.

Fig. 4 Hook details

Fig. 5 Hook placements for slab

Fig. 6 Hook placements for beam

Fig. 7 Hook placements for column

REFERENCES
Various authors (2008), Principles of Architecture, Oxford
University Press, New Delhi, Vol.7, pp. 154-167
Nicholson Peter (2009), Principles of Architecture: Comprising
Fundamental Rules of the Art, with Their Application to Practice, H.
G. Bohn, Cambridge, Vol.6, pp. 38-42
Venugopal M.S. (1981), Structural Engineering Research Centre,
Madras, Vol.1, pp. 1-23
Ramakrishna(1982), Precast concrete- cost implications and future
, SERC,
Madras, Vol.1, pp.1-8
National Building Code of India(2005), Bureau of Indian Standards
Raju Krishna (2009), Concrete technology Tata McGraw-Hill
Education, New Delh, Vol5, pp. 603-631

THANK YOU