A Level Geography Powerpoint

A level Geography
Tectonic activity and

hazards
PowerPoint presentation by
Mdecins Sans Frontires / Doctors Without Borders
(MSF)UK
Schools Team: Mary Doherty and Severa von Wentzel
March 2013
MSF
Geography Working Group

MSF would like to thank the members of the working group for
their contributions and help in developing these materials:
Janet Carlsson of Alleyn's School
Adam Thomas former MSF Logistician
Ed Jennings of Hayes School Bromley
John Lyon of the Geographical Association
Nicky Martin of Coloma Girls Convent School Croydon
Rick Vasconcellos of Acland Burghley School Camden
Jo Woolley of Dulwich College
This PowerPoint
Tectonic Activity is presented as a PowerPoint
Presentation to facilitate use by teachers. The footer on
many slides includes Note for teachers.
It is anticipated that teachers will use slide sorter and
select the slides appropriate to their students and their
specifications and develop a customised slideshow.
For teaching and learning, view as a slide show to benefit
from animation
When planning, teachers will find it helpful to start from
the normal view which shows the footers and the Note
for teachers.
Teachers can click to videos, websites etc. directly from
the slides when in the slide show mode.
3
Guide to this
presentation
References to teaching specifications.
Definitions in violet
Action for students
Further info
Video
Direct quote
Key
K
Link to appendix A
Back to contents Contents
Contents
4
Organisation of this
Presentation
.Presentation structure
PART I
Teaching specifications
Introduction
Your research and writing

Exemplar slides for your case studies
PART II
Section 1
Tectonic hazards and causes
Section 2
Tectonic hazards: physical impacts
Section 3
Tectonic hazards: human impacts
Section 4
Responses to tectonic hazards
Appendix A
Further info (Hyperlink)
Contents
PART I
Organisation and guide to this presentation
Awarding body specifications
Your research, case studies and writing
Exemplar slides for your research
Starting your case studies
PART II - Section One
Event, hazard or disaster?
Defining tectonic events and hazards
Seismic waves
Primary and secondary effects of earthquakes
Plate tectonics, GPS
PART II - Section Two
Tectonic Hazards: Physical impacts
Event Profiles
Tectonic impacts
Mind map exercise
Physical factors
Human factors
Fault action
Contents (contd)
PART II - Section Three
Geophysical and hydro-meteorological hazards and trends
Why do people live in tectonically active areas?
Dreggs Disaster Model
Disaster Risk Equation
Specific hazard impacts: human and economic costs
Exemplar table for your research: hazard impacts over time
Haiti (2010) Earthquake
Prediction
PART II - Section Four
Coping with tectonic hazard
Haiti housing crisis action
Insight into humanitarian work
The work of a MSF logistician
Cholera and GIS
Social Media
Disaster Risk Reduction
Early warning
Appendix
International humanitarian System
Further Info on Haiti
AQA Unit 3: Seismicity

The causes and main characteristics of earthquakes:
focus and epicentre; seismic waves and earthquake
measurement.
Tsunamis characteristics and causes.
Two case studies of recent (ideally within the last 30 years)
seismic events should be undertaken from contrasting areas of
the world.
In each case, the following should be examined:
the nature of the seismic hazard;
the impact of the event;
management of the hazard and responses to the event.
Contents
8
OCR A2 Geography:
Global issues
What are the hazards associated with earthquake and volcanic activity? Earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions are caused by plate tectonics and bring distinctive impacts to an area and
these vary from place to place.
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have a range of environmental and social impacts on
the areas affected, which create a range of human responses to the hazard. The study of an
earthquake and of a volcanic eruption to illustrate the:
tectonic processes involved in creating these hazards;
scale and types of impacts (environmental, social and economic), together with the concept
of primary (initial impacts destruction, casualties, landslides, fires) and secondary impacts
(including disease, infrastructure problems, resettlement);
human reaction in both the short term (emergency rescue) and long term (planning &
management).
Why do the impacts on human activity of such hazards vary over time and location? The
degree of impact on an area reflects its level of economic and technological development as
well as the population density. Impacts can vary over time from immediate to long term. The
study of contrasting examples to illustrate a:
contrast between countries at either end of the development continuum and between rural
and urban areas, to compare the impacts of, and reactions to, at least two contrasting types
of earth hazards;
comparison of impacts over short and long time periods for at least two contrasting
types of
Contents
earth hazards.
OCR A2 Geography:
Global issues
How can hazards be managed to reduce their impacts?
There are various ways to manage or reduce the impacts of hazards. The study of different approaches to
managing earth hazards to illustrate:
the extent to which earth hazards are predictable;
the management strategies used to reduce the possible impact of a hazard;
the effectiveness of managing earth hazards.
Key Concepts:
The nature of hazards varies with location.
The nature of hazards changes over time and space.
Earth hazards consist of a variety of interdependent and interconnected activities and processes.
Physical geography and human activity are interdependent and their interaction can produce hazards.
The impact of such hazards varies over time and given location.
Populations and environments respond in a variety of ways to hazards.
The management of hazards results in opportunities and challenges.
Associated Skills:
Research into hazard events
Analysis of a variety of types of image
Map work at a variety of scales, eg hazard mapping
Statistical analysis, eg analysing patterns and severity of hazard
Use and application of GIS and other modern technology, eg forecasting of earthquakes and eruptions
Contents
10
Assessment
objectives
.You will need to:
A01
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the content,

concepts and processes.
A02
Analyse, interpret and evaluate geographical information,

issues and viewpoints and apply understanding in unfamiliar
contexts.
A03
Select and use variety of methods, skills and techniques

(including the use of new technologies) to investigate
questions and issues, reach conclusions and communicate
findings.
Contents
11
Your research and writing

PART I
Contents
12
Synoptic research
unit with case studies
This unit provides flexibility in your study of
geography.
You will learn subject content and develop your
learning skills, particularly, selection and analytical
skills.
You will study this unit for several months.*
This is a synoptic unit that stresses the interrelation
of specific issues to overall themes in geography.
Contents
13
Edexcel global
synoptic content
Your investigation of tectonic hazards, challenges and
responses will need to highlight:
Places, people and power

and
Risks, vulnerability and patterns. Peopl
e
Place
Power
s
Source: Dunn, Cameron and Kim Adams, A2 Geography Advice for students
endorsed by Edexcel, Phillip Allan Updates.
http://www. hodderplus.co.uk/philipallan/pdfs/Edexcel-A2-Geography9780340949542.pdf
Contents
14
The synoptic element

of each enquiry question
Distil big concepts, implications and influences of tectonic activity

and geography by looking at social, economic, political and
environmental factors. These factors help organize and evaluate
information around people, places and power.
Social about people, quality of life, health, education and prosperity
Economic about money, work, industry, jobs and prospects
Political about power, different viewpoints, policy and associated decisions
Environmental about landscape, plants, animals, water, air and resources
Source: Dunn, Cameron and Kim Adams, A2 Geography Advice for students endorsed by Edexcel, Phillip Allan
Updates.; http://www.hodderplus.co.uk/philipallan/pdfs/Edexcel-A2-Geography-9780340949542.pdf
Contents
15
Synoptic content and

MEDCs and LEDCs
To compare and contrast case studies from MEDCs and LEDCs (more and
less economically developed countries), use pairs such as:
Positive and negative
Primary and secondary
Direct and indirect
Short and long term
Human and physical
Micro and macro
Further info on more and less economically developed countries contrasts

in economic and human development, development indicators, statistics and
correlations and indices:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/development/contrasts_development_rev1.shtml
Source: Dunn, Cameron and Kim Adams, A2 Geography Advice for students endorsed by Edexcel, Phillip Allan
Updates.; http://www.hodderplus.co.uk/philipallan/pdfs/Edexcel-A2-Geography-9780340949542.pdf
Contents
16
Your research
Action for students:
1. Start an Earthquakes folder for your research and
case studies.
2. Throughout your study extract the key information
about the tectonic event and retain the findings
and maps in your folder.
3. Remember to add references (sources) for the work
of others and to add definitions for key terms by
compiling a glossary of definitions in your folder.
Contents
17
Case studies in this

presentation
The Haiti Earthquake (2010) and Tohoku, Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami (2011) will be the main point
of comparison in your research.
Earthquakes such as Sichuan, China (2008),
LAquila, Italy (2009) and Van, Turkey (2011) also
feature.
In this presentation exemplar slides in the introduction
and information for your research in subsequent sections
will guide you through the process, leaving the
active research and case studies to you.
Contents
18

Label the map to show
Haiti, Dominican Republic,
major towns and bodies of
water
Source: http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/special/caribout.htm
Contents
19

Label the map to show Japan, major towns, bodies of water and neighbouring countries.
Source: http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/special/caribout.htm
Contents
20
Your study, research,

written notes and examination
Writing skills:
Plan and stick to your organisation
with introduction, main body and
conclusion linking back to
the question.
Apply theories, models and graphs,
for example, event profiles.
Include good definitions and sources.
Further info:
The Geographical Associations
A2 Examinations: Developing your skills
in extended writing
http://www.slideserve.com/elsa/a2-examinations-developing-your-skills
-in-extended-writing
Dunn, C. and K. Adams A2 Geography Advice

for students endorsed by Edexcel, Phillip Allan Updates.
http://www.hodderplus.co.uk/philipallan/pdfs/Edexcel-A2-Geography-9780340949542.pdf
Do not describe only. Be clear

what the command words expect
you to do:
Discuss
Evaluate
Critically examine
You will need to include:
Role of plate margins
Causes, maps and case studies
Impacts on landscape
Impacts on people
Responses and issues
Get to know key words:
Factors
Impacts
Challenges
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21
Sources
Who is the author? How does the authors role or job
such as academic, lobbyist, businessman, politician
relate to the topic? Consider North Korea and Amnesty
International presenting on the same issue, for example.
Is it a primary or secondary source? How reliable is it?
Does the website verify what it publishes or is it an open
forum where anything can be posted? Who owns and
contributes to it?
Is the information up to date?
Contents
22
Question statistics
Who collected the numbers? Using what method and for what reason?
Simply because they are published doesnt make them facts. Many are
actually estimates.
Location matters. Collecting statistics in remote rural areas of
developing countries or densely populated urban settlements, for
example, can be difficult if they have been collected at all. A hazard or
disaster event adds complexity.
Numbers can be political. There may advantages to overstating or
understating numbers.
Statistics need to be collected in the same way to be compared.
Contents
23
Schemata for
report writing
Your report
Defining
Introducing, defining topic
Research
Research and methodology
Analysis
Analysis, application, understanding
Conclusio
n
Conclusion and evaluation
Quality
Quality of written expression and sourcing
Contents
24
Humanitarian
information
Mdecins Sans Frontires works in and Relief Web and Alert.net report on many
emergencies, including ignored or forgotten ones.
Mdecins Sans Frontires / Doctors Without Borders: http://www.msf.org.uk
MSF is an independent international medical humanitarian organisation that
provides emergency aid in more than 60 countries to people affected
by armed conflict, epidemics, natural or man-made disasters or
exclusion from healthcare.
Reliefweb: http://www.reliefweb.int
ReliefWeb issource for timely, reliable and relevant humanitarian information
and analysisto help you make sense of humanitarian
crises worldwide.(reliefweb.int)
Alert.net: http://www.trust.org/alertnet/
Humanitarian news website covering crises worldwide, including hidden crises
Contents
25
Exemplar slides for your research
PART I
Contents
26
Exemplar Slide on seismicity

past to present:
Historical seismicity in Japan
March 2011
Since 1900
The earthquake on March 11, 2011,

marked with a gold star, took place
around the same location as the
the magnitude 7.2 earthquake on March
9,
2011, thus the earlier one was
redefined as a foreshock. In the
cluster, there were 3 earthquakes
greater than magnitude 6 before the
main shock and another 14 in the
first 6 hours after. The aftershocks
intensity decreased with time since
the main shock and followed a
predictable pattern.
Further info on a detailed USGS poster on
Seismicity of the Earth 19002007, Japan and Vicinity
click on: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1083/d/
:
USGS
K
27
Earthquake Location:
Coordinates for Tohoku, Japan (2011)
Location:
130 km (80
miles) east
of Sendai,
Honshu,
Japan and
373 km
(231 miles)
northeast of
Tokyo,
Japan.
Source: USGS
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28
Exemplar Country Profile:

Japan (2011)
Country profile:
Island nation in East Asia in the Pacific
Ocean
Third largest economy in the world
Politically stable with world-class critical infrastructure: physical
assets that serve as foundation for effective governance*, economy
and civil society.
Capital: Tokyo
Population: 126.5 million (UN, 2011)
Very high life expectancy at birth, one of the oldest populations in the
world (CIA World Factbook)
Most structures built to resist earthquake shaking
*
Governance: security, civil service, public management, core

infrastructure, corruption and legal and regulatory reforms.
Contents
29
Exemplar Template:
Tohoku, Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (2011)
Date and time: Friday, 11 March 2011 at 5:46 UTC*
Location: Japan, near northeast coast of Honshu
Epicentre: 130km east of Sendai
Magnitude: 9.0 on Richter scale
Speed of Onset: Foreshocks
and rapid main shock, aftershocks
Duration: Short
Areal extent: Extremely large area
Map: USGS summary map on following slide
Plates: Pacific plate subducting under Eurasian plate.
Subduction zone very seismically active. Convergent
margin, fairly high convergence rate. Earthquake
shallow at the Japan trench.
Earthquake: 4th largest in the world since 1900 and
largest in Japan since recording began 130 years ago
(USGS)
History of Earthquakes: Japan trench
subduction zone has had 9 events 7+ on the
scale since 1973. 20% of worlds earthquakes
*Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC) primary time
take
place in Japan.
standard by which the world regulates clocks and time,

closely related successors to Greenwich (GMT) mean time
and for most purposes synonymous with GMT. Unlike
GMT, UTC is precisely scientifically defined.
Risk profile: Country ranked

1st worldwide for human and
economic exposure to cyclones
and earthquakes, 1st (economic)
and 2nd (human) for tsunamis and
very high for drought, flood
and landslides (Prevention web)
Key points: Tsunami, Fujinuma
dam ruptured, Fukushima Daichii
nuclear accident.
References:
IRIS:http://www.iris.edu/news/events/japan2011/
BBC:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific
14918801
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific
12711226
Prevention web:
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/s
t
tistics/risk.php?iso=jpn
Contents
30
Annotated images:
Tohoku, Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (2011)
Burning oil refinery in
Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture.
New York Times
Some of the burning houses swallowed by

tsunami in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture in
eastern Japan.
Los Angeles Times
31
Offset ocean floor

causes tsunami
waves
AP
Waves crashes over

Natori, Miyagi
Prefecture.
Water and debris

washed away houses in
Sendai, Miyagi
Prefecture.
New York Times
Contents
32
Starting your case studies

PART I
Contents
33
Starting your
Haiti case study
Using the websites on the following slides:
1. Develop a template similar to the Japanese exemplar
slides for your section on Haiti.
2. Haiti is situated near to two tectonic plates: record for
your research the names of the plates and explain
how these plates caused the earthquake.
3.
Draw a sketch of Haitis location and the two plates.

Contents
34
Haitis country profile

and tectonics
COUNTRY PROFILE:
CIA World Factbook
http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-fa
ctbook%2Fgeos%2Fha.html&ei=UTF-8&fr=moz35
(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html)
UNICEF Statistics
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/haiti_statistics.html
BBC Country Profile http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm
HAITI TECTONICS:
The Haiti Earthquake in Depth http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100113/full/news.2010.10.html
Anatomy of a Caribbean Earthquake http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122531261
Tectonics of the Haitian Earthquake
http://all-geo.org/highlyallochthonous/2010/01/tectonics-of-the-haitian-earthquake/
BBC map: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8466385.stm
Contents
35
USGS
summary posters
USGS Summary Poster
Print out the USGS summary

posters for Japan and Haiti for
your folder.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthq
akes/eqarchives/poster/2010/2010
112.Php
USGS Earthquake map of Haiti:

http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/
2010/eq_100112_rja6/neic_rja6_l.htm
l
You will find multiple panels:
epicentral area
plate tectonic
environment,
earthquake history
generalized seismic
hazard
Contents
36
Japan and Haiti:

Key data activity (1)
1. Based on the Japan exemplar slides
and your research, draw a table
comparing Japan and Haiti with key
information including:
GDP per capita

Population
Median population age
Population under the age of 15
High or low-income population
Population density
Urban population %
Maternal mortality rate
(deaths / 100,000 live births)
World ranking
Birth rate / 1,000 population
Death rate / 1,000 population
Availability of health care
Literacy, total population, %
2. Population pyramid: which age groups

contain the largest number of people in
Japan and Haiti? Does the population
age structure diagram resemble a
pyramid (A or B) or an inverted
pyramid?
Source: http://geographyfieldwork.com/PopulationStructure.htm
Contents
37
Japan and Haiti:

Key data activity(2)
2. In what stage do Japan and Haitis birth rate, death rate and
availability of health care place them on the demographic
transition model?
K
Source: GCSE Bitesize population change and structure:
Contents
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/population/population_change_structure_rev4.shtml
38
.
PART II: FOUR SECTIONS
Contents
39
Tectonic activity, seismicity and

tectonics
PART II - SECTION ONE
TECTONIC HAZARDS AND CAUSES
Contents
40
Section One
This section focuses briefly on the
patterns
and processes of earthquakes and
volcanic hazards* and how they
are managed.
Contents
41
Section One
What are tectonic hazards and their causes?

Learning outcome
This section will guide you in identifying, examining and
understanding the:
Range of tectonic hazards and their causes;
Different profiles of tectonic hazards;
Link between tectonic hazards and plate tectonics;
Variation of tectonic hazards with the type of plate margin.
Contents
42
Event, hazard
or disaster?
Action for students: Discuss what makes an event a hazard or disaster
based on information in the images only.
4
5
Sources:
1 Water http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new/ehow/images/a06/f9/r2/natural-hazards-disaster-management-800x800.jpg
2 Internal displacement:
http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpGraphics)/B303AB7D46DFD5ECC12578D2005B9C8E/$file/nd-01-big.jpg
3 Haiti earthquake: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=haiti+earthquake&view=detail&id=CE5C433C1836E995E6DF12FF00689F877DA2DF3F&FORM=IDFRIR
4 Guatemalas Volcano of Fire:
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=volcanic+eruption+diasaster&view=detail&id=D62AC286BAA6030CE1A08A8E7D78AFC1DB0139E2&FORM=IDFRIR
5 Fault Rupture source: http://www.teara.govt.nz/files/p4411gns.jpg
Contents
43
Event, hazard
or disaster definitions
What is a natural event in an uninhabited place becomes a hazard in a
populated one.
A hazard is natural or human-made event that adversely affects human life,
property or activity. A hazard involves people.
A disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of
existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity
of adjustment of the affected community.(WHO/EHA 2002). There is no
universally agreed numerical threshold for designating a hazard as a disaster.
A matter of scale, a disaster is a lot bigger than a natural hazard.
Capacity: A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a
community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the
effects of a disaster.
Source: UN/ISDR, Words Into Action: A Guide for Implementing the Hyogo Framework, Switzerland, 2007
Source: WHO/EHA 2002, Disasters & Emergency definitions; http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf
Contents
44
Perspectives on the Haiti

earthquake experience
1.
View and interact with the video on the experience of the Haiti earthquake from
the perspective of a survivor, an aid worker and a journalist:
http://www.insidedisaster.com/experience/Main.html
2.
Based on the video make a mind map about why the Haiti earthquake lead to
disaster. See sample mind map for guidance.
Source: http://www.mind-mapping.co.uk/make-mind-map.htm
Contents
45
What is a
tectonic event?
A tectonic event is a physical occurrence resulting

from the movement or deformation of the Earths
crust.
Tectonic events are predominantly earthquakes or
volcanic eruptions.
Tectonic events become tectonic hazards when they
have the potential to cause loss of life and damage to
property.
Not all tectonic events are hazardous.
Contents
46
Tectonic hazards
Tectonic activity cause a very large range of hazard events. These
are associated with the processes of earth movement and
volcanism, and they are classified into primary and secondary
hazards.
Primary tectonic hazards include earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions,
pyroclastic flow, ash fall and volcanic gases.
Secondary tectonic hazards include tsunamis, landslides and
lahars. A tsunami is a secondary hazard, because the flooding
is caused by the earthquake at sea. Tsunamis like the Asian
Tsunami (2004) are rare.
Contents
47
What is an earthquake
and tsunami?
1.
2.
Watch BBC News, Animated Guide

Earthquakes and print out the PDF nonanimated version. Retain in your research
folder, as you will use it later:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7533950
.stm
Watch National Geographic,

Earthquake 101:
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/e
ducation/media/earthquakes-101/?ar_a=1&ar
_r=999
3.
Review BBC GCSE Bitesize, What

causes a Tsunami?:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebi
tesize/geography/natural_hazards/ts
unamis_rev1.shtml
And Japan Tsunami footage with
explanations
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video
/news/environment-news/japan-tsunami-2011
-vin/
Source:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geograph
y/natural_hazards/earthquakes_rev1.shtml
Source: Edexcel Unit 4, Option 1,

Tectonic activity and hazards
Contents
48
Defining earthquakes
Earthquakes occur along fault lines and major plates lines.
The main shock in a cluster is the one with the largest magnitude.
Foreshocks occur before the main shock. Not all main shocks
have foreshocks.
The main shock is always followed by aftershocks, which are smaller than
the main shock and can continue for weeks, months or years.
Each earthquake can provide new information:
If a subsequent event is larger than the one deemed a main shock, it can
be redefined as a foreshock, for example, Tohoku, Japan (2011).
Similarly, an aftershock may sometimes be reclassified as a foreshock.
Contents
49
Foreshocks, Main
shocks and aftershocks
sequence
Tohoku, Japan (2011) Map:

11 March - magnitude 9.0 main
shock off Tohoku followed by 166
aftershocks of magnitude 5.5 and
greater until May 20.
Aftershocks follow a statistically

predictable manner. In common
with almost all of the largest
earthquakes, this one is on a
subduction zone.
Warmer colour for more recent

events
Larger symbol for greater
quake magnitude.
Action for students: Record in

your glossary what is meant by a
subduction zone . Explain why it
causes 5000 earthquakes a year
in
Japan (one or more a
day).
Source: USGS
Contents
50
Seismic waves
1.
Correctly label the image:

Surface waves
Rayleigh wave
Love wave
Body waves
P waves
S waves
Elliptical motion
2.
.
.
Answer the questions about Love, P, S and Surface waves:

Which type of seismic wave travels fastest?
Which type causes rock particles to move together and apart in the same direction?
3.
In order to determine how far from a seismograph station an earthquake occurred, one needs to look at the difference
between:
Seismic waves and elliptical motion
P & S waves
S & Love waves
P & love waves
4. Which one does not control the level of shaking:

. Distance
. Weather
. Local Soils
. Magnitude
Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=S wave
Contents
51
Measuring shaking
Seismologists use a seismograph: an instrument that registers
the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates caused by seismic
waves and produces seismograms such as this USGS one:
A short wiggly line that doesnt wiggle very much means a small earthquake, and a long wiggly line
A long wiggly line (seismic wave) that wiggles a lot

denotes a large earthquake; a short one that doesnt
wiggle a lot a small one. The length of the wiggle
depends on the size of the fault and the size of the
wiggle by the amount of slip.
At least three seismographs are needed to triangulate
the location of an earthquake. Measurements are on the
logarithmic Richter scale from 1 10 with decimals.
Source: http://www.online-education.net/articles/science/earthquake-studies.html
USGS http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php
Further info
On seismic monitors - Incorporated
Research Institution for Seismology (IRIS):
http://www.iris.edu/dms/seismon.htm
On seismicity maps - USGS:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/w
orld/seismicity_maps/world.pdf
On seismograms USGS:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/hel
icorders/about.php
on seismographs and Richter scales:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environ
mental/earth/geophysics/question142.htm
52
125 Global Seismographic stations, multi-use facilities, spaced worldwide,

collect
data for scientific research, earthquake hazard mitigation, tsunami
warning, education and the international monitoring system for the
Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty. Source: IRIS
Contents
53
World map of the

threat of earthquake shaking
Global Seismic Hazard Program
http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/static/gshap/
K Dark red = large earthquakes most

likely
White = least likely
Contents
54
USGS Shake maps

Haiti
Japan
Mercalli scale measures how much

damage is caused by earthquakes
based on observations.
55
Map of case study

countries and plate margins
Draw an arrow to Japan, China, Haiti, Turkey and Italy on the map below and
add in the
plate margins.
Source: Worldatlas
Contents
56
Primary and secondary

effects of earthquakes
Earthquakes effects: primary and secondary
Primary effects
happen immediately and occur as a direct result of the ground shaking like
buildings collapsing.
Ground shaking
Ground shaking is most direct effect with cracks in land and structures, falling
masonry and / or collapse.
animation: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/simulations/
Secondary effects
occur as a result of the primary effects, for example, fires due to ruptured
gas mains.
Ground
displacement
may not be life threatening; however, it impacts on buildings, bridges and

roads.
Landslides
are movements of masses of rock or debris down a slope. Slope failure can
be triggered by, for example, earth tremors. Photo:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=landslide
Liquefaction
occurs when the shaking of silts, sands and gravels causes them to lose their
load bearing capacity. Buildings and other structures, may thus sink into the
ground.
Liquefaction Hazard Map: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/qmap/
Liquefaction photo:
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/49488655AFEE6C258525773000766AF5-Full_Report.pdf
Tsunamis
are ocean waves with extremely long wavelengths, generated by earthquake

tremors.
Graph: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=tsunami
Contents
57
Plate tectonics
How do earthquakes occur?

1. Use the pdf hard copy of the earthquake animation and
add in additional information from the following sources:
. Animated version of the Earths Tectonic Plates,
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/earths-tectonic-plates/?ar_a=1
. Dr Iain Stewart explains how plate tectonics cause earthquakes:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/natural_disasters/earthquake#p00gtskq
. British Geological Survey: http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk and
US Geological Survey (USGS): http://www.earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/neic/
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/plate_tectonics/rift_man.php
2. Discuss these additions with a partner and compare.

Critique your partners additions and ask them to critique yours.
3. In light of this critique amend your explanation and retain

the document for revision and exam preparation.
Contents
58
Tectonic plates
1. Find a map of the global distribution of tectonic plates identify the
convergent (destructive or collision), divergent and
transform (conservative or transcurrent) plate margins.
2. Write a description of each type of margin. Include an example of

each type of margin and also explain a collision plate margin
with an example.
3. Compare and contrast the typical tectonic hazards experienced at
one convergent and one divergent plate margin.
4. Research the two types of crust which make up the plates.
Contents
59
GPS: measuring
plate motion
Global Positioning system (GPS) is one of various
technologies used for studying earthquakes. Receivers placed
along fault lines measures movements of the Earth's crust with
a precision of one millimetre per year.
The length of the arrow indicates the extent of the movement .
K
This GPS Slip model of
Tohoku, Japan (2011) was
produced with vertical GPS
data.
Source: UNAVCO 2000
Further info on GPS and plate motion calculators for your records:
http://www.unavco.org/community_science/science-support/crustal_motion/dxdt/model.html
Source:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquake
s/world/japan/031111_M9.0prelim_geo
detic_slip.php
Contents
60
.
PART II SECTION TWO
TECTONIC HAZARDS:
PHYSICAL IMPACTS
Contents
61
Section Two
This section introduces impacts and then

focuses on the physical impacts, such as
damage and destruction to homes
and infrastructure and change
to the landscape.
Port au Prince after the earthquake
Photo by Julie Remy/MSF
Contents
62
Section Two
What impact does tectonic activity
have on landscapes and why does
this impact vary?
Learning outcome
By the end of this section, you should be
aware of the effects of earthquakes on the
landscape.*
Contents
63
Haiti before and after

the earthquake
Juvenat: August 3,
2009
Further info on Haiti before 2010 in Appendix
Juvenat: February 13,

2010
Source:
http://gfdrr.org/docs/Haiti_MultiHazard_RiskAssessment_Report_EN.p
df
Contents
64
Geological records
Historic records of earthquakes can be
incomplete and some countries have longer
records than others.
Where there are no written records of
earthquakes geological and soil maps can
be used to identify past earthquake activity.
The geological record when understood can
enable areas of high risk to be mapped.
Contents
65
Event Profiles
Event profiles can be drawn for any event and help illustrate the great
variation in the nature of tectonic hazards. They are a common way
to compare and contrast different hazards. The typical earthquake
and volcanic profiles tend to differ most in terms of spatial predictability
and frequency.
This profile compares factors of

the Asian Tsunami (2004) with
the continuous eruption of
Kilauea on Hawaii since 1983.
Source: Edexcel Unit 4 Option 1 Tectonic Activity and Hazards
Contents
66
Event profiles
1. Refer to the Exemplar slide for
Japan, Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami (2011)
and construct one for Haiti Earthquake (2010). Keep in mind
factors of an event profile: magnitude, speed of onset, duration,
areal extent, spatial predictability and frequency.
2. Research and construct event profiles as presented on the previous
slide for the Haiti (2010) and Tohoku, Japan (2011).
Further info:
For a comprehensive presentation by a geophysicist on Haiti
and Japan earthquakes click:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WGi4mjVqbY
Contents
67
Tectonic impacts
Tectonic hazards can be complex with
multiple effects and impacts. Impacts can
be physical, social or economic.
Impacts can be:
Direct or indirect,
Short or long-term,
Tangible or intangible,
Negative or positive.
Contents
68
Factors affecting an
earthquake: Mind map exercise
1. Draw a mind map of physical factors affecting an
earthquake.
2. Draw another for human factors.
3. Compare your mind map with that of a partner,do you
need to make amendments, do they need to make
amendments
4. Complete your map for your folder by referring to the

following slides.
Contents
69
Physical factors
affecting the impact of a tectonic
event
Physical Factors:
Distance from epicentre

Richter Scale / Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):
the higher on the scale, the more potentially
devastating
Duration of the hazard
Scale of the hazard
Frequency of the hazard
Magnitude of the hazard
Time of day
Time of year and climate
Geography of the area, accessibility
Contents
70
Human factors affecting

the impact of a tectonic event
Human factors:
Social, political and economic conditions / level of development.
Population density: rural or urban area
Frequency and severity of hazards affecting the area
Experience from previous hazards in the area
Methods of coping with hazards
Accuracy in predicting the hazards
Effectiveness and response of hazard warning and evacuation
procedures
Speed and efficiency of local, national and international
emergency response teams and long-term reconstruction and
development services
Coordination and perception of the services
Presence of other humanitarian crisis
Contents
71
Severity of impacts
The hazard and the capacity of people affected to prepare for and
resist it determine the extent of the damage. Damage to the
environment such as deforestation can make their impact worse. So
the severity of impacts depends on both:
Physical factors (attributes of nature) such as the magnitude of
the event.
Human factors determining human vulnerability to natural
hazards such as population density.
Discuss whether the impacts on places, people and power of
volcanic hazards can be positive and negative, but for earthquakes
only negative.
Contents
72
Are impacts always

negative?
Some economists have argued that a natural disasters can be
a
brutal, but good stimulus for an economy by:
pushing short-term growth;

Helping conflict resolution and community development;
building up-to-date infrastructure and technology in place
of outdated ones (in with the new, out with the old); and
focusing international attention and resources on the
country.
Further info: article on how disasters help:
http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/07/06/how_disasters_help/?page=
full
Contents
73
Fault activity
1. Label the faults as Dip slip, Strike-slip and Thrust. Mark with arrows to
indicate vertical or horizontal movement.
2. Study the graph. Do bigger faults lead .to

.1000
smaller or bigger earthquakes?
Kilometers
.
100
.
. 10
.
. 1
. 5.5
Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/?
topicID=53&topic=Prediction
6.5
7
Magnitude
7.5
74
Effects of earthquakes
on landscapes
1.
Research faults and draw diagrams of dip slip faults (normal, reverse
and thrust), strike slip faults (left or right-lateral) and oblique
slip faults. You can refer to
http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/faults.html
Example diagram
3.
Be clear about which faults are common at divergent plate margins

and which occur at convergent plate margins.
4.
Explain how rift valleys form and give an example.
Remember: a clear, simple diagram is worth a thousand words.

Source: Edexcel Unit 4, Option 1, Tectonic activity and hazards
Contents
75
Hazard Trends
Why live in tectonically active areas?
Prediction
PART II SECTION THREE

TECTONIC HAZARDS:
HUMAN IMPACTS
Contents
76
Section Three
This section is organised around risks, vulnerability
and patterns of human impacts social and economic.
Social impacts refer to trauma and the disruption of
everyday life and communities.
Economic impacts can be damage to factories and
commercial properties and disrupted transport
networks.
Together with physical impacts, they determine how
places, people and power are affected.
Contents
77
Section Three
Tectonic hazard: human
impacts
What impacts do tectonic hazards have on people
and how do these impacts vary?
Learning outcome
By the end of this section, you should:
Understand some of the reasons why people live in
tectonically active areas
Know the range of hazards associated with different types of
tectonic activity*
Be familiar with the specific impacts of a range of tectonic
hazards*
Be aware of trends in the frequency and impacts of tectonic
hazards.
Contents
78
Hazard Trends
TECTONIC HAZARDS:
HUMAN IMPACTS
Contents
79
Geophysical and
hydro-meteorological graph activity
Look at the two graphs and mark
them as appropriate to show:
Rising trend of hurricanes,
typhoons, tornadoes and such
Fluctuating trend
Rapidly rising trend of flood
events
Increasingly widespread drought
affecting millions of people
Rare but devastating
Fluctuating trend usually linked to
other hazards
Contents
80
Geophysical versus
meteorological hazards and trends
Geophysical hazard is formed

by tectonic/geological processes,
for example, earthquakes,
volcanoes and tsunamis. The
number of geophysical hazards
has stayed fairly constant.
Hydro-meteorological hazard
is formed by hydrological (floods)
and atmospheric (storms and
droughts) processes. They make
up most of the natural hazard
events and have increased in
number.
EARTHQUAKES
Magnitu
de
Class
Number
M8
Great
M7
Major
15
M6
Large
134
M5
Moderate
1,319
M4
Small
~13,000
Source: WHO/EHA 2002, Disasters & Emergency

definitions http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf
;
USGS Earthquake statistics and Earthquakes and
seismicity
Contents
81
Natural hazard trends

Whilst better awareness, preparedness and technology has reduced the number of
deaths due to natural hazards, the number and frequency of natural hazards and the
number of affected people has gone up.
Whilst our capacity to deal with natural hazards and disasters has increased, sociodemographic, economic and technological factors has increased vulnerability further.
The destructiveness of earthquakes has increased, because populations keep rising
and more and more people have moved into earthquake risk zones - especially where
earthquakes have been infrequent but violent.
Buildings and infrastructure are increasingly expensive and vulnerable, and many
people live in housing not been built to withstand earthquakes.
As opposed to other natural disasters, earthquakes occur without warning and even
moderate ones tend to affect a widespread area.
Contents
82
Disaster hotspots
The impact of natural hazards differs
between and within countries
and regions and countries. Asia
is the most affected by
natural hazards the
Philippines, Japan, India,
Bangladesh, China, Indonesia
most hazard-prone.
A hazard hotspot is an area of

multiple hazard zones. In large, rapidly
growing urban areas in hazard prone
areas, the potential for hazards to turn
into disasters is great.
Identifying a hot spot can have

major implications for development
and investment planning,
disaster preparedness and
loss prevention. Yet, long lists of
priorities can be more immediate than
risk management.
Source: White, Philip, et al, Disaster risk reduction:
a development concern, (DFID, 2004) 3.
83
Are Haiti and Japan

disaster hotspots?
Using the disaster websites such as:
Prevention web for risk profile and disaster statistics:
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/risk.php?iso=hti
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, CRED (http://www.cred.be
), for frequency, economic and human impact by disaster type and region:
http://cred.be/sites/default/files/PressConference2010.pdf
1. List recent natural disasters for Japan and Haiti and discuss each countries
capacity to deal with them. Consider location, tectonics, hurricane tracks,
typhoons, tsunamis, population, economic development and the natural and built
environment.
2. Compare risk rankings for Japan and Haiti.
3. Compare economic and human losses by disaster for Japan and Haiti. Try to explain
why 2011 was the costliest year ever for natural disasters with Tohoku, Japan
(2011) accounting for 55% of the total US$380 billion economic losses.
Contents
84
Why live in tectonically active

areas?
TECTONIC HAZARDS:
HUMAN IMPACTS
Contents
85
Why do people live

in tectonically active areas?
1. Reflect on your own the reasons why people live in tectonically active
areas, jot down your ideas.
2. Give examples, why do people continue to live in California, Japan or
Haiti?
3. Consider: level of economic development, awareness of risks, risks versus
benefits, past history of tectonic activity (magnitude, frequency, impact
and dates).
4. Discuss with a partner their reasons and yours.
5. Join with another pair, discuss and record all the ideas why people live in
tectonically active areas.
Contents
86
Why risk living in

a hazardous area?
There are far more people living
in potentially hazardous area
than you might expect.
Choice e.g.
Economic
opportunities
like tourism,
farming,
mining,
geothermal
power
Ignorance of the
risks and / or
underestimation
of risk
Living
in areas
of
tectonic
risk?
Inertia; always
lived there,
roots
Nowhere else to
go / lack of
alternatives
Source: Edexcel Unit 4, Option 1 Tectonic Activity and Hazards
Contents
87
Many people may not have experienced

earthquakes
K
Blue and mauve and yellow dotted lines show Haitis last earthquakes 57 and 64
years before the 2010 one. Risk is a probability: without living memory, people may
underestimate the risk and consider preparing and planning less a priority.
Contents
88
Dregg Disaster Model

Dreggs model (Earthquakes
Venn Diagram) shows the overlap
of natural hazard and human
vulnerability.
The greater the scale of a earth
process or event and the more
vulnerable and exposed the
people, the greater the scale of
the natural hazards or disaster.
Disasters do not just happen they result
from failures of development which
increase vulnerability to hazard events.
e.g., rapid urban growth leading to
increased exposure to landslides,
earthquakes or fire. (White, Philip et al 2004, 3)
Risk = Vulnerability
x Hazard
Source: Edexcel Unit 4, Option 1- tectonic activity and hazards.
White, Philip, et al, Disaster risk reduction: a development concern,
DFID, 2004, 3.
Digby et al, Geography for Edexcel, Oxford University Press.
Contents
89
World Risk Index

Looking at the Dreggs diagram and the world risk
index, what places Haiti and Japan at risk?
The world risk index

launched by the UN
Institute in Bonn
helps define the
interaction between
natural hazard and
vulnerability.
Source: http://ihrrblog.org/2011/09/26/2011-un-world-riskindex/
Contents
90
Disaster Risk
Equation
People can be affected by natural disasters anywhere.
However, the risk of disaster grows as global hazards
and peoples vulnerability increases, while their capacity to
cope decreases. The Disaster Risk Formula measures
hazard vulnerability:
Factors that decrease risk include:

Effective warning and preparedness,
Better planning and building practices,
Development and insurance.
Source: FAO, http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ae080e/ae080e01.htm
Contents
91
Vulnerability:
class-quake
Vulnerability:
describes how susceptible a population or parts of a population are to the damage
of hazards, notably the characteristics of a person or group and their
situation that influence their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and
recover from the impact of a natural hazard.(Wisner, Ben et al 2005, 11)
is determined by processes in the natural environment and by places, people
and power.
tends to increase the lower the countrys economic development and sociopolitical stability because risks and vulnerability make the impact of natural
hazards patterns worse.
Class-quake:
The Guatemala earthquake 1976 made headlines as a class-quake, as
it predominately affected the poor, excluded and vulnerable in slums
while the urban middle and upper classes remained relatively unaffected.
Source: Wisner, Ben, et al, At Risk: Natural hazards, peoples vulnerability and disasters, 2nd ed, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005) 11.
Contents
92
Vulnerability and
economic development
In less developed countries:
A greater proportion of the population tends to be exposed to risk given population

growth, land pressure and urbanisation. Moreover, the poorest tend to be
disproportionately affected, often because they have migrated to hazard zones to
search for work and may live in sub-standard and cramped conditions that collapse and
crush them, the biggest cause of death.
The financial resources, technical capacity, level of education and ability to cope with
hazardous events also tend to be lower.
The economies also tend to be driven by growth and tend to be less resilient in
dealing with the disruption of the event.
There are also more likely to be other humanitarian crises as well as other issues
like weak governance and infrastructure.
Source: http://www.chinapost.com.tw/business/asia/other/2012/08/16/351184/Asia-economies.htm
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/1070_drrscopingstudy.pdf
Contents
93
Impact and
Economic Development
The graph illustrates how the Kobe Earthquake (1995) was a huge economic disaster,
while the Boxing Day Tsunami (2004) lead to far more deaths (like the Haiti 2010 earthquake).
Natural Disaster Cost by Year
Sources:
World Bank (2006). Hazards of Nature, Risks to Development. An IEG Evaluation of World, Bank Assistance for Natural Disasters.
The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Humanitarian Response to Natural Disasters: A synthesis of Norad www.norad.no/en/tools-and-publications/.../107610?_...true...
Graph by Robert Simmon, based on data courtesy EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (www.em-dat.net) Universit
Catholique
de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
Contents
94
Specific hazard
impacts: Human costs
The costs of tectonic hazards can be classified broadly as human or economic. Human
costs include primary, secondary and tertiary casualties. Over half of disaster deaths
occur in LEDCs even though only 11% of people exposed to hazards live there.
Primary casualties: People killed or injured by an earthquake or volcano. Casualties
tend to be much higher in less developed countries because of:
Limited preparedness,
Less effective warning systems,
Less effective search and rescue services.
Secondary casualties: People who survive initially but are injured or die because
of insufficient resources and lack of emergency medical care especially in
less developed countries
Tertiary casualties: People with pre-existing medical conditions aggravated by
the hazard event. This includes people who become ill, or die as a result of the
post-disaster environment.
Contents
95
Specific hazard
impacts: Economic costs
There are two types of economic costs:
Direct costs: the immediate costs of repairing damage
caused by the event. In the case of earthquakes this
will often include demolishing buildings fractured by
the shock waves and rebuilding from scratch.
Indirect costs: loss of earnings caused by disruption
to working life. Increasingly, major natural hazards are
causing secondary technological and industrial
accidents and emergencies for example, the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan.
Contents
96
Exemplar table for your

research: hazard impacts over
time
Action for students: Draw a table to organise and capture your

research for
each
study using the prompts
Impacts casePhysical
Socialin the table. Economic
Short term
Notable examples of natural and

human-built landscape destroyed.
Fires due to gas pipe explosions and
electrical damage? Landslides and
flooding?
Numbers of killed and

injured, noting those in
essential service
professionals like doctors
and policemen injured.
Lack of food and health
supplies? Damage or
loss of homes, transport,
communications, health
care facilities, energy
and water supply
systems?
Note tangible losses due to the direct

impact of property damage like
destruction to shops and trade
damaged or disrupted. Also, indirect
losses resulting from social economic
disruption, trade impacted by loss of
communication, transport and water
and energy supply infrastructure.
Looting?
Long term
Intangible losses like the destruction

of important natural and human
landmarks and fertile lands.
Put here public health

problems like disease
(e.g., cholera due to
contaminated water and
lack of hygiene).
Numbers of homeless
and displaced people
needing shelter and
rehousing. Information
on indirect impacts like
stress and psychological
damage.
Are settlements and shops being rebuilt

and, if so, to higher standards?
Settlements moved? People rehoused?
Is there any positive impact in the form
of aid, reconstruction and grants?
Contents
97
Haiti research
TECTONIC HAZARDS:
HUMAN IMPACTS
Contents
98
Immediately after the

Haiti Earthquake (2010)

Based on the videos and website below extract relevant
earthquake facts and record your findings using your table of
physical, economic and social impacts. Include a
short description of the scene in Port au Prince
immediately after the earthquake.
MSF audio slideshow / eyewitness account:
http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/photogallery/galler
y.cfm?id=4256&cat=audio-slideshow&ref=tag-index
Disasters Emergency Committee:
http://www.dec.org.uk/haiti-earthquake-facts-and-figures
Contents
99
Three days after

in Haiti
It has been three days since the earthquake. Place what needs to be done in order
of urgency:
Organise emergency shelter
Bring in supplies for survivors
Bury the dead
Stabilize damaged buildings
Set up emergency hospital
Fix life lines like transport
Search for more survivors
Found coordination committee
Adapted from: http://www.nunthorpe.co.uk/search?q=earthquakes&ie=UTF-8&cof=FORID
%3A10&cx=015410234279401869432%3A7j6dhnj6yqs
Contents
100
The first seven days

in Haiti
Use the resources listed here to write a brief report on the
impact on people and places in the first 7 days after the regions
worst earthquake in 200 years.
CBS news:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_dMzgy3Pp4&playnext=1&list=PLDBCAD09
9174FD776&feature=results_video
Earthquake Timeline:
http://www.msf.ie/news/haiti-earthquake-msf-activity-timeline
Haiti soon after the quake: http://
www.msf.org.uk/haiti_update_photo_20100119.news
Surgeon report:
http://youtu.be/9mlOL1srGIs
Contents
101
Why did so many

people die in the Haiti earthquake?
1. Click on the link and read the news report of Lucy Rodgers of
BBC News:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8510900.stm
2. Use the news report, maps and your own research to write a
Report (no more than 1000 words) to account for why the
Haiti earthquake had so much greater human cost than the
earthquake in Sichuan, China (2008) and in LAquila, Italy
(2009) which were similar in magnitude.
3. When planning your Report, make sure you review the Report
writing schema .
Contents
102
Haiti a class quake?

1. Review your research on the Haiti Earthquake and also
the Japan Earthquake and tsunami and extract
information and data from your research to write an
extended report with the following title:
The Haiti Earthquake (2010) could be viewed as a
class quake. Compare and contrast the Haiti
earthquake with the Tohoku, Japan Earthquake and
Tsunami (2011) and reach your own conclusions about
whether you believe Haiti was a class quake.
2. The websites on the humanitarian response on the
previous slides can help illustrate the human impact.
Contents
103
Prediction
TECTONIC EVENTS: HUMAN IMPACTS
104
Earthquake prediction
1. Research from the list below possible indicators of imminent earthquake activity and the
reliability of these indicators in predicting earthquakes.
2. Divide the research amongst fellow students and share your research with a written note for
each student on the reliability of these indicators in predicting earthquakes:
Indicators of imminent earthquakes
P and S wave ratio
Foreshocks
Water levels in wells
Radon levels in well
Levels of manganese, zinc and copper in basaltic rocks
Changes in the electrical properties of rocks
Ground deformation
Unusual animal behaviour
Monitoring how fast strain accumulates
Monitoring with satellites electrical charges
3.
Is it possible to predict the time, place and magnitude of future earthquakes in a precise,
timely and reliable way? Is there a method that is successful beyond chance, statistically more
than a lucky guess?
Contents
105
Earthquake
prediction
1.
Watch the BBC video on predicting
earthquakes
on the North Anatolian Fault in Van, Turkey
(2011).
(04.49 mins). Watch it at least twice and make
notes for your research guided by the prompts
below
2.
Consider the prompts:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/natural_di
.Why is it easier for scientists to
sasters/earthquake#p00gmsgt
calculate where the next earthquake
could have happened on this fault?
.What factors did the scientists use for their
prediction model?
.What was the response of the people to the
scientists prediction?
.When did the earthquake happen?
.What was the magnitude and how long did it
last ?
.What was the impact of the earthquake-how
many people were killed and how destructive
was
the earthquake on the city.
Source: IRIS
Contents
106
LAquila, Italy (2009)

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/04/the_laquila_earthquake.html
Contents
107
Jail for members

of the Great Risks Commission
Case Study: L'Aquila, Italy (2009)
Earthquake of magnitude 6.3 hit the Abruzzi town of L'Aquila on

6 April 2009 following a series of swarms (small, but numerous
tremors on a daily basis) during the preceding 2 months.
In a public meeting 6 days prior to the main shock, members of

Italy's Great Risks Commission downplayed the likelihood of a
major quake and did not reiterate what risks people faced if one
did occur.
This was in response to an amateur seismologist, Giampaolo

Giuliani, who was predicting a major quake based on radon
readings on his home made radon monitoring devices.
On 22 October 2012, 6 scientists and one ex-government

official (all members of the great risks commission who
attended the meeting) were found guilty of manslaughter by an
Italian judge, as they played down the risks of a major shock.
They were sentenced to 6 years in prison.
Contents
Pitfalls to Prediction
and Communication of Risks
Reasons for authorities and people not to act on disaster warnings:
Uncertainty in scientific information / difficulty in predicting earthquakes
Unease with scientific jargon (communicate in less academic fashion)
Lacking emergency response infrastructure ,for example, national and international

channels between scientists, authorities, agencies and communities and linked policies.
Competing risks/priorities (need to assess likely post-earthquake behaviour to target
warnings)
Too many false alarms (need to use local hazard indicators, such as, animal behaviour
and work with media).
Sources:
http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110914/pdf/477264a.pdf, http://www.nature.com/news/l-aquila-verdict-row-grows-1.11683,
http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2012/11/01/laquila-earthquake-conviction/
http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/early-warning-of-disasters-facts-and-figures/
Contents
Why were the

experts jailed?
1.
Using research from previous slides and
taking into account the difficulty of predicting
earthquakes, why have these experts been jailed?
The media suggests it is because they did not
accurately predict the 6 April major shock.
Evidence suggests, however, that they misled the
public as to the risks of such a quake occurring
and that the public then acted as though the risk
was small.
2.
What are the implications for predicting

major natural disasters in the future, not just
earthquakes?
110
Strategies for coping

Cholera and GIS in Haiti
Social Media
PART II SECTION FOUR

RESPONSES TO TECTONIC HAZARDS
Contents
111
Section Four
This section focuses on coping with
tectonic hazards. Different community capacity
can define the approach - the extent to which
a country can implement:
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction, mitigation and
preparedness.
Contents
112
Section Four
How do people cope with tectonic hazards
and what are the issues for the future?
Learning outcomes:
Understand how people and governments
cope with tectonic hazards.*
Be familiar with specific ways of adjusting to
tectonic hazards.*
Be aware of the different approaches to the
challenges of tectonic hazards.*
Contents
113

Contents
114
Coping with
tectonic hazards
Essentially there are three options:
Do nothing
Adjust
Leave
The choice of option depends on a number of
factors including the nature of the hazard, its
frequency, its magnitude, population pressure in
the location and the level of economic
development.
Contents
115

Strategies used to adjust to hazard threat focus on:
Modifying the loss
Modifying the event
Modifying human vulnerability
Capacity for coping derives from being able to
access information, authority, institutions,
partnerships and plans, resources and procedures to
deal with the hazard.
Source: WHO/EHA 2002, Disasters & Emergency definitions
www.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf
Contents
116
The Park Model

The model sketches the phases following the tectonic hazard event:
The relief phase
The immediate response, focus is on saving lives and property. Teams, such
as MSF, from outside the immediate area help with search, rescue and care
operations. Urgent medical supplies, rescue equipment, clothing and food
may be brought in.
Rehabilitation phase
More complex than relief, this may last for several months, efforts are made
to restore physical and community structures, at least temporarily.
Reconstruction, mitigation and preparedness
Permanent changes are introduced to restore the quality of life and
economic stability to the pre-disaster level or better. This can also include
mitigation and preparedness reducing vulnerability.
Contents
117
Park hazard
response model
PRO: Useful to compare different events, curves of CON: Model is general, does not account for different levels of
development and other issues affecting disruption and recovery.
which can be drawn and compared on the same graph.
Source: Bob Digby, A2 examinations: Developing your skills in extended writing,

www.rgs.org/nr/rdonlyres/...1bb7.../bobdigbyextendedwriting.ppt
http://
Contents
118
Relief phase
Relief defines the set of activities implemented after the impact
of
a disaster in order to assess the needs reduce the suffering limit
the spread and the consequences of the disaster open the
way to rehabilitation
Resilience how able a community is to adapt and to recover.
Emergency defines a state in which normal procedures
are suspended and extra-ordinary measures are taken in order
to avert or deal with a disaster
Further info on immediate relief activities:
http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/EarthquakeEM/Session%2011/Session%2011%20Response%20and%20Recovery_
01.pdf
Contents
119
Rehabilitation and
reconstruction
Rehabilitation and reconstruction actions include:
repair and reconstruction of lifelines and building;
measures to turn around post-earthquake economic
downturns;
and financial assistance after losses.
The recovery period is also a good time to adopt new
mitigation measures such as a more earthquakeresistant built environment (Mileti, 1999).
Sources:
http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/EarthquakeEM/Session%2011/Session%2011%20Response%20and%20Recovery_01.pdf
Meliti, D. 1999. Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States. Joseph Henry Press.
Contents
120
Important lifelines
Earthquakes affect aboveand below- ground lifelines.
Buried utilities and
communication systems are
more likely to be damaged as a
result of earthquakes than
natural hazards
Transportation facilities have

an especially large impact on
the
response and recovery efforts,
because it usually takes much
longer to repair them than
other lifelines Chang, 2000).
Source:
http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/EarthquakeEM/
Session%2011/Session%2011%20Response%20and%20Recovery_0
1.pdf
Chang, S. 2000. Transportation Performance, Disaster
Vulnerability, and Long-Term Effects of Earthquakes. Second
Euro Conference on Global Change and Catastrophe Risk
Visual 11.2 Graph illustrating time required for

repair of lifelines following the 1995
Kobe, Japan Earthquake. Visual from Chang (2000).
Contents
121
Haiti: ongoing crisis

Place the appropriate number in the blank spaces
Four times; 12; 26; 1,500; 10,000; 358,000,

1 million, 1.5 million, 10 million
Interim Haitian Reconstruction Commission
with _____members, ____ of which were Haitian,
was set up to endow government with direct
decision-making power and to improve
coordination, but was marginalised early on by
partisan politics.
About ______ NGOs (A) were active in Haiti after
the 2010 earthquake for a population of _______.
Three years on over ______Haitians still need
assistance. (UN)
The amount of aid was about ______the
countrys internal revenue as of October 2012.
Source: Brookings, Data as of October 2012
http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2012/10/11-haiti-bradley,
http://www.oxfam.org/en/emergencies/haiti-earthquake/three-years-onphotos
15,000; 200,000; 369,000; 1 million;

Over ______were re-housed. ______ of the
_______ homes destroyed or damaged were
rebuilt.
Another ______ remain displaced in tent cities
and in sidewalk shanties made with tarpaulins.
Those most affected by the earthquake tended to
be the most destitute.
Data as of October 2012
Source: Brookings
http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2012/10/11-ha
iti-bradley
Further info
Click on the relief web bulletin on resettlement

of IDPs and the guardian video:
http://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/haiti-humanitarian-bu
lletin-issue-22-september-2012
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/povertymatters/2013/jan/10/hope-for-haiti-despite-critics?in
tcmp=122
122

Contents
123
Relief
in Japan
Giulio Di Sturco/ VII mentor
MSF staff treat a patient in an evacuation

centre in Minami Sanriku, Japan. March
2011
A consultation at an evacuation centre for

earthquake survivors in Minami Sanriku.
MSF gave treatment of chronic
diseases for people who had their
treatment interrupted by the devastating
quake and tsunami.
Source:MSF_Activity_Report_2011_lowres_201208200807.p
df
Contents
124
Psychosocial support
in Japan
Psychological assistance was an
area in which MSF could offer
increased support.
People can have intrusive
memories of the event,
flashbacks, nightmares. People
can withdraw and not want to
communicate. Some people will
not be able to sleep, to eat, and
all of these things can make
them very different than they
used to be and can cause
significant suffering, Ha Young,
MSF Korea
MSF psychologists in a MSF cafe

space near Bayside Arena, Minami
Sanriku, Miyagi prefecture.
Photo by Eddy McCall/MSF
Contents
125
Haiti 2010:
MSFs response
MSF emergency response in Haiti was its largest in its 40-year history.
Thousands of Haitians, most of whom were directly affected by the
disaster, mobilised along with 3,400 staff to help MSF provide assistance
in hospitals and four mobile clinics.
MSFs humanitarian action is based purely on need, independent of
any religious or political agenda. Predominately MSF is focused on
medical assistance, a subset of humanitarian assistance, but it also performs
non-medical activities like providing tents, safe water or latrines.
Further info:
September 2012 Humanitarian Snapshot
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/map_3010.pdf
Contents
126
Emergency
medical care in Haiti
Wounded people congregate in
MSF compound
Photos by July Remy / MSF
MSF tents provide shelter
By the end of June 2010, MSF had distributed more

than 28,640 tents, approximately 2,800 rolls of
plastic sheeting, and close to 85,000 relief
supply kits (made up of items such as cooking
utensils, hygiene products and blankets) to people
living near the epicentre of the earthquake.
Contents
127
MSF staff operate on a patient with broken legs at a

makeshift surgery outside Carrefour hospital, Port-au-Prince.
Photos by Julie Remy
From 12th January to 31st October, medical

teams treated more than 358,000 people
and performed more than 16,500 surgeries.
MSF surgeons performed more than 5,700

major surgical procedures during the first
three months, 150 of which involved
amputations.
Contents
128
Photo by Benoit Finck/MSF

An operating theatre in a container at Trinite Hospital, Haiti.
An operating theatre in a container at Trinite Hospital, Haiti. An inflatable tent hospital also replaced the destroyed La Trinit hospital and provided emergency medical care and more specialised trauma and orthopaedic surgical care.
Contents
129
The work of a
MSF logistician in Haiti
1. Visit the MSF UK website: Click on Working with
us/working overseas/ who do we need?/ logistician to
learn about the work of a MSF logistician and to view the
video about the work of a logistician. (6.50 mins)
2. In pairs, read the logisticians blog (in Appendix) about his
work in Haiti prior to the earthquake, when the earthquake
occurred and afterwards.
3. Read and critique the reports each of you wrote previously on
the first seven days and discuss if you need to amend your
reports in light of the blog of the logistician.
Contents
Outbreaks of cholera in
Haiti: Long-term social problems
Cholera and GIS in

Haiti
Contents
Source: Dupuis, Ludovic, Field-friendly spatial analysis tool
to aid MSF cholera response in Haiti
131
Cholera, water and sanitation
Clean water and sanitation facilities are vital

in any emergency situation, as without them
diseases spread quickly.
Cholera is a bacterial infection caused by
drinking water or eating food contaminated
with vibrio cholerae bacteria.
Some of the symptoms, diarrhoea and
Vomiting, can lead to dehydration or worse.
Affects between 3 to 5 million people and
causes between 100,000 and 130,000
deaths
a year.
Cholera is treatable in many situations.
Photo by Scott Eisen
Further info:
On cholera http://www.msf.org.uk/cholera.focus
A patient rests in the tent for the most

severe choleracases.
http://www.msf.org.uk/cholera_treatment.aspx
http://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/epidemiological-updatecholera-7-january-2013
Contents
132
Cholera outbreaks
and riots
October 2012: the first documented cholera case since 1960.

From October 2010 to 31 December 2012, the total number of cholera cases reached
635,980, of which 350,679 (55%) were hospitalized and 7,912 died.
Since November 2011, the global case-fatality rate was 1.2% with significant
variations across regions.
UN blamed for outbreak, riots erupt and Haiti demand for compensation rejected.
BBC on UN peacekeepers, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15648110;

Guardian on UN rejecting compensation: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-21542842
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/nov/29/haiti-appeal-cholera-nepal-peacekeepers
On 10-year plan http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/feb/28/haiti-plan-cholera-un-funds
Photo: http://www.haitian-truth.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Picture-13.png
Contents
133
MSFs
cholera response
MSF response
In 2010 alone, MSF treated more than 91,000 of the 171,300 people (25% of total) reported as
having cholera in Haiti nationwide in 73 CTCs.
Among those coming for treatment are some of the most vulnerable populations, including
pregnant women.
MSF uses preventative anti-cholera kits to prevent further spread with items such as rubber
gloves, buckets, disinfectants, plastic cups, spoons, soap and water purification tablets.
MSF cholera treatment kits include oral rehydration.
The staff at these clinics include epidemiologists and water and sanitation experts,
who make sure there issafe, clean drinking water and build latrines
Cholera Kit
CTC
Photo MSF /
Lachant
134
Inside a cholera
treatment centre (CTC)
Action for students: Whats inside a CTC?
Interact with this resource.
http://ctc.msf.org/home/en
?
135
Geographic Information
Systems and cholera response
Geographical information systems (GIS) are organized collections
of hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel data designed
to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all
forms of geographically referenced information.(Fema)
GIS support:
timely and better decision-making and communication.
Cost saving and higher efficiency.
Better record-keeping.
With seismic models they can forecast and graphically display (e.g., digitized
colour maps) damages for earthquake scenarios.
With early-warning systems they can provide an almost real-time graphical
display of a regions shaking effects.
Source:
http://www.esri.com/what-is-gis/overview#top_five_panel
Contents
136
CASE. In epidemiology, a countable instance in the

population or study group of a particular disease,
health disorder, or condition under investigation.
Sometimes, as here, an individual with the
particular disease.
CASE-FATALITY RATE. The proportion

of persons with a particular condition
(cases) who die from that condition.
The denominator is the number of
incident cases; the numerator is the
number of cause-specific deaths
among those cases.
Source: Dupuis, Ludovic et al, ibid
137
EPIDEMIC CURVE. A histogram that shows the course of a

disease outbreak or epidemic by plotting the number of cases
by time of onset
Source: Dupuis, Ludovic et al, ibid;

http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/epiglos
sary/glossary.htmmiller
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL WEEK (epi week or a

CDC week) is a standardized method of
counting weeks to allow for the comparison
of data year after year and across countries.
The first epi week ends on the first Saturday
in January provided it falls at least 4 days into
the month.
Need for GIS

Mapping in Haiti
Geographic Information Systems
Outbreak investigation describing cases:
What? Case definition

Who? Person
When? Time
Where? Place
How many? Measures of occurrence
Cholera data tool produced epidemic curves and

basic epidemiological analysis (person and time).
However, geographical analysis (place) was lacking.
Field staff needed to map the cholera outbreak to
target control interventions, control measures.
Contents
139
Development of GIS
mapping in Haiti by MSF
Variable functionalities, skill set and costs
Google Earth is easy to use and free
Collaboration with Google.org

Designed Jiffymap to convert linelist into map
Quartier boundaries
Local staff, GPS on motorbike and crowd-sourcing
Field teams / national staff carried out all mapping
Source: Dupuis, Ludovic et al, Field-friendly spatial analysis tool to aid MSF cholera response in Haiti
Contents
140
Satellite image and number of

cholera cases
Size of red crossed square is

proportional to the number of
cases
Source: Dupuis, Ludovic, ibid
GIS systems
GIS could support field operations
through improved:
Medical response
Targeting of interventions
Epidemiological analysis
Activity planning
Advocacy
Source: Dupuis, Ludovic et al, Field-friendly spatial analysis tool to aid MSF cholera response in Haiti
Contents
143
GIS and
cholera response
GIS systems could support MSF field operations
through improved:
Medical responses
Targeting of interventions
Epidemiological analysis *
Activity planning
Advocacy
Photo by Ron Haviv/VII
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and

determinants of health-related states or events in specified
populations and this studies application to the control of
health problems.
Contents
144
Social media
Contents
145
Information and communication

technologies (ICTs): social media
Relief organisations have traditionally used

centralised control centres to gather and share
information.
Developments in ICT have enabled a more rapid
dissemination of information and have led to the
availability of real time situation updates.
ICT can support risk communication to the

public that
clearly and quickly identifies risks to mitigate
disasters and promote certain behaviors and
measures.
The earthquakes in both Japan and Haiti have seen

interesting developments which have saved lives
Source: Great Eastern Japan Earthquake,
and alleviated suffering.
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/05/the-great-eastern-japan-earthqua
ke-assessing-disaster-response-and-lessons-for-the-us
Contents
Mobile phone
technology: Haiti and Japan
With telecommunications infrastructure now ubiquitous, there are 4 billion
mobile phones worldwide, the majority in developing countries. Mobile
phones are increasingly used as part of preparation activities and
warning communication. Their use in emergency communications, especially
through SMS is revolutionising the flow of information. Texts take up less
bandwidth than calls and are much less affected by network delays
HAITI - Mission 4636
A group of companies, including Ushahidi, FrontlineSMS, CrowdFlower and Samasource,
set up a text message hotline that was supported by the U.S. Department of State
and advertised by radio stations. Anyone in Port-au-Prince could send an SMS to a
toll-free number, 4636, to request help. The messages were routed to relief crews at the
U.S. Coast Guard and the International Red Cross on the ground.
JAPAN - SMS alerts

Japanese agencies disseminate SMS alerts to every registered mobile phone user in the
country as soon as p-waves are detected.
Source: http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/early-warning-of-disasters-facts-and-figures/
Source: http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/21/crowdsourcing-disaster-relief/
Contents
147
Crowdsourcing and
crisis mapping
"Often, it's not the experts who know something, it's someone in
the crowd*
Crowdsourcing capitalises on the increasing reach of internet connectivity and
ICTs. A community of connected volunteers crowdsource, that is, provide
information and/or expertise to enhance relief operations.
Crisis mapping draws on crowdsourcing initiatives like Ushahidi and satellite

imagery, participatory maps and statistical modelling for early warning and at
times of impending crisis. They are not maps by traditional mapmakers that
would appear in a standard Atlas!
After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, for example, crowdsourcing allowed people on
the scene, mapping experts and other stakeholders to communicate what they
saw in nearly real time supporting the humanitarian response.
There is a lot of potential for relief organisations.
Further info: National Geographic Haiti crisis mapping:http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/07/02/crisis-mapping-haiti/

Source: * Sree Sreenivasan, a social media specialist at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism. (USAToday,
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011-04-11-japan-social-media_N.htm)
Contents
148
Voluntweeters in Haiti
Tweak the Tweet is a system of codifying tweets to be picked up
automatically
by relief agencies without using human sorting (secondary level
crowdsourcing
was seen when tweets were retweeted by volunteers who codified
them to fit
the
In Haiti there were over 3000 unique TtT tweets sent
Non system).
TtT Tweet
and
(2010-01-18 10:30:09) orphanage in urgent
of supplies
in Laboule: Clairnise or Alberte
7need
million
tweets.
509-3400-9797
Reformatted Tweet
(2010-01-18 11:11:11) #haiti #need
supplies #name orphanage #loc
Laboule #contact clairnise or alberte
509.3400.9797 #rescuemehaiti
Source on crowdsourcing and Tweak the Tweet: http://crowdresearch.org/chi2011-workshop/papers/starbird.pdf
Contents
149
Crisis mapping using

crowdsourcing- Japan
Within an hour of the Japanese earthquake, Google's
crisis response team launched after the disaster in
Haiti had posted a "Person Finder" website that
quickly grew to include 450,000 records. If you're
looking for someone, you can post, 'Hey, my cousin is
a teacher in Sendai, we're looking for him. Someone
else will post, "I've seen him in a shelter; he's fine."
Jamie Yood of Google
Source:
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011-04-11-japan-social-media_N.htm
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011-04-11-japan-social-media_N.htm
Contents

Contents
151
Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR)
While the Park Hazard Model charts the response to one or
more hazard events, Disaster Risk Reduction is a
preventative disaster management approach.
In the relief phase reactive measures deal with acute immediate
needs, emergency response to life and death.
Rehabilitation, reconstruction, prevention and preparedness
deal with longer-term causes of disaster and chronic needs.
Vulnerability and loss and disruption are minimised through technical,
social and economic measures such as pre-positioned plans and
community capacity building for improving development.
Action for students: Play a disaster simulation game from the
UN/ISDR, click: http://www.stopdisastersgame.org/en/home.html
Contents
152
Disaster risk management cycle

A hazard or
disaster can be
an opportunity
to reduce
vulnerability
and minimize
disruption of
future hazards.
Source: FLOODsite
http://www.floodsite.net/html/cd_task1719/images/graphs/task_17/flood_manage
ment_practice_UE.jpg
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153
Hyogo Framework
for Action
In 2005 the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in
Kobe, Hyogo, Japan agreed on a Hyogo Framework for
Action (HFA) to prioritize DRR on a global scale.
I.Make DRR a priority at the national and local level with strong institutional
basis for implementation.
II. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning, take
action.
III. Use knowledge, innovation and education to build
awareness and a culture of safety and resilience at all
levels.
IV. Reduce the underlying risk factors.
V. Strengthen disaster preparedness for
effective response at all levels, be ready to act.
Source: UNISDR, www.unisdr.org/hfa
Contents
154
Millennium
Development Goals
The Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) observes that disaster risk reduction (DRR) is essential to
achieve internationally agreed development goals, including those contained in the Millennium Declaration.
DRR matters because poor countries and communities have much lower capacity to reduce risk and
are disproportionately affected.
Contents
Source: http://beijingcircles.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/mdgs-large.jpg
155
Objectives of mitigation
Use the words increase and decrease in the spaces where
appropriate.
Save lives
________ economic disruption
________ vulnerability
_______ capacity
_______ risk
Risk Reduction
Source: http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/5514.pdf
Contents
156
Mitigation
Primary mitigation
Mitigation is about preventing hazards from
becoming disasters or lessening their effects primarily
through reducing vulnerability, as the hazards
themselves largely cannot prevented or predicted. This
can be done by minimizing the effects of disaster
through building codes and zoning, public education
and vulnerability analyses.
In primary mitigation the presence of the hazard, where
possible, and of the vulnerability is reduced.
Secondary mitigation is intended to decrease the
impact of the hazard through preparedness and planning.
Source: WHO/EHA 2002, Disasters & Emergency definitions http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf
The Disaster Management Cycle, http://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/1-dm_cycle.html
Contents
157
Primary mitigation:
Vulnerability analyses
Vulnerability analysis has to take account of the nature
of the settlement and its infrastructure, for example:
Medium height buildings are more vulnerable than tall or single
storey buildings.
Masonry buildings are more vulnerable than wooden or steel framed
buildings (albeit the fire risk is greater).
The location of services (electricity, gas, water)may have an impact
on potential damage.
The design and size of roads and bridges etc will have an impact on
evacuation, emergency access and potential loss of life.
Contents
158
Preparedness
Secondary mitigation
Secondary mitigation seeks to reduce the effects of
the hazard through preparing and planning how to respond.
Measures ensure the organized mobilization of personnel,
funds, equipment and supplies within a safe environment for
effective relief.(WHO/EHA 2002)
For preparedness, these efforts include preparedness
plans, emergency exercises and training; warning systems.
In terms of response, measures such as search and rescue
and emergency relief intend to minimize the hazards
created by a disaster through search and rescue, emergency relief.
Contents
159
Planning for
earthquakes
Planning for an earthquake is usually based on the
assumption everything will be destroyed, for example,
an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or above in San
Francisco would destroy everything.
Earthquakes happen without warning and it is
impossible to plan response activity in advance.
Earthquakes are more likely (by a ratio of 3:1) during
non working hours)
Communication systems may well be damaged which
will hamper response management.
Aftershocks will cause additional damage, interfere with
response efforts and cause anxiety in the population.
Contents
160
Government
strategies
Key strategies used by governments:
Land use zoning
Building regulations
Evacuation drills
Emergency service provision
Further info:
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Fema (www.fema.gov) gives advice on how to cope
and prepare for events such as earthquakes.
Los Angeles Fire department
LAFD (www.lafd.org) gives advice on how
to prepare for earthquakes.
Contents
161
Individual preparation:
Grab bag in Japan.
Contents
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12759840
162
Hamlet of Aneyoshi
Photo by Jay Alabaster AP
Ancient warning system
In Japan, hundreds of centuries-old tablets some over 600 years old - dot the coastline and
form a crude warning system. The stone slab reads: High dwellings are the peace and
harmony of our descendants. Remember the calamity of the great tsunamis. Do not
build any homes below this point. Source:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/06/japan-tsunami-warnings-fr_n_845818.html#
Contents
163
Modern
early warning system
Japan: satellite communication
technology
Japan is the World leader in Earthquake
preparedness, the earthquake set off
the Pacific Ocean Tsunami Warning System
DART II and warned about a tsunami across
the Pacific. The warnings were more
coordinated than after the Indian Ocean Tsunami
in 2004, so more people could evacuate to
higher ground.
Satellite communication has improved which
has reduced the lag between data collection
and warning. A recorder on the seabed that
transmits data about anomalies to a buoy on the
surface. Then the data is transmitted every 15
seconds via satellite to ground stations.
But Japan had only planned and prepared for a 200
to 300-year tsunami, not a 1000 year one (1 in 1000
Source:
years).
USGS and NOAA;
http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/early-warning-of-disastersfacts-and-figures/
164
Early Warning Systems

and Damage Assessment
Without prediction, there cannot be early warning. Early warning needs to
be followed by action to make any difference. Even a lead time of a
few seconds can allow some mitigating measures like shutting down
gas supply lines.
Government agencies must have emergency infrastructure, for example,
working channels of communication in place in order to communicate
warnings to local communities. (see Japan and Preparedness)
Early warning systems such as TriNet and ShakeMaps and
damage assessment / prediction tools such as GPS, GIS mapping
systems predict and illustrate probable damages from a number
of disaster scenarios.
Sources:
http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/early-warning-of-disasters-facts-and-figures/
http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/education_and_outreach/distinguished_lectureship/past_speakers/wald
Contents
165
Early warning response

in Japan
Source: http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/image/eew2.png
Contents
166
Mitigation
and preparedness in LEDCs
Mitigation measures especially long-term management of
economic and
urban development in seismic areas are less likely to be efficient or
in place in less developed countries.
People are more likely to settle in seismic areas and these tend to
be densely populated with high occupancy buildings.
Earthquake-proof building codes and by-laws are more likely to be
inadequate, unenforced or non-existent, so the damage to property
and human life is greater.
Warning systems are absent or lacking. There tend to be lower
awareness of risks, less public education and fewer drills, but even
where people are aware, economic survival takes precedence over
safety concerns.
Public capacity to deal with search and rescue and mass casualties
can be lower.
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167
The Park Model

1.Research Japans response after the Tohoku, Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami (2011)using the graph you made
for the short- and long-term impacts in Japan and Haiti as a
starting point. How successfully does Japan cope with its
susceptibility to tectonic hazards and reduce its risk?
2. Sketch a Park Model diagram for Haiti and Japan showing
the speed of the drop in quality of life, duration of the decline,
and speed and nature of recovery.
3. Compare and contrast Haiti and Japans response referring
back to the Disaster Risk Reduction Model.
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168
What for
Japan and Haitis future?
How can Japan and Haiti cope with
their vulnerability and exposure to
natural hazards?
Contents
169
Logisticians blog from Haiti

International humanitarian system
and assistance
APPENDIX
Contents
170
Haiti Blog:
Before the earthquake (1)
Logistician, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Life progresses as usual here, but this is not a usual situation compared with my experiences back
home. A pregnant woman arrived in the hospital yesterday and it was all hands on deck. We already
had a full maternity ward, with patients on makeshift beds in the corridors. But what do you do when
yet another one arrives who needs emergency care? I arrange for another bed packed beside the
others and let the medics get on with their work. One emergency Caesarean Section later and
mother and child are well.
It's not just the emergencies that are exciting. All aspects of my work here are interesting. MSF is
running a maternity hospital in the capital. There are no other facilities like it in Haiti at all and the
statistics on mother and child health are still terrible. Maternal and infant mortality are especially
high which is why MSF's emergency care for complicated deliveries is so important.
My job is so varied. The infrastructure in Haiti is very poor, with basic services such as electricity,
clean, running water and transport very unreliable. I make sure that the hospital has all of these,
backing up electricity with our generators, servicing the water systems and running the fleet of cars
MSF uses for transporting staff and patients alike. I also run the medical supply system which is a
huge challenge, trying to get safe, certified medicines to the patients through our supply hub in
Amsterdam. The cold chain is a particular challenge in this heat many medicines must be kept
between 2 and 8 C at all times and with unreliable electricity we use a system of fridges and cold
boxes.
The country is so poor which means MSF has to bring in virtually all its supplies. You cannot rely on
anything being available which means planning months ahead. I have found this to be pretty tricky
when you can't really predict how many patients you will have from one week to another!
171
Before the
earthquake (2)
And now a little about the country itself from what I have seen. Port-Au-Prince is a thriving,
but very busy city with everything you might expect of a capital city in the developing world.
There are markets everywhere and a huge contrast between rich and poor. The slums are
very basic and house an amazing number of people, but this is also where the gangs are
based. They control so much of the city and we struggle to get anything done when they are
involved. People seem to get by though, working, trading and buying in the markets, fishing
etc., although most live without basic services in the shanties and neighbourhoods.
In the countryside it is a little different Haiti is very densely populated and most of the
forest has been cut down to provide building materials and wood for making charcoal to cook
with. One of the most amazing sights is the border with Dominican Republic where you can
physically see the line of trees that signifies the Dominican side. The country is hilly and
exposed to all manner of natural disaster in the last 10 years they have seen hurricanes,
deforestation, flooding and earthquakes, all of which make it a very precarious place to live.
All in all, we manage to make things work OK here. MSF manages to provide emergency care
to mothers and children in a place where it would otherwise not exist. It is hard work, but we
still manage to have some fun and just sharing all of this with our national staff and being
part of our patients' lives is very rewarding. I saw the mother and baby who I made the
makeshift bed for this morning and they are both well. It makes all the hard work worthwhile.
Contents
172
Immediately after
the earthquake (1)
I simply don't have time to write, and I don't know where to start, but I must
update you briefly about what has happened. Also to say that I am OK, but so
many are not. Two days ago the earth shook and changed the face of this already
struggling country. It is not an overestimation to say that virtually everything has
been destroyed.
We do not have much information about what has really happened because all
the communication except satellite phones are down. I can send this email via
the sat link, but we only download once a day. The reports we have had are only
from our staff, many of whom are still missing. Some of my international
colleagues were missing for a time, but are now all accounted for. We know that
most homes have collapsed, the hospital is almost totally destroyed and many of
our patients and staff are under the rubble. We hear that rescue operations will
begin tomorrow, but little is known. There is total chaos here.
We have been without water and electricity since the earthquake, but I have
managed to get some basics sorted out. We are still using our emergency water
supplies and I simply don't know when they will be replenished. I have rigged up
some basic electricity using our small back up generators, but we only have a
Contents
limited amount of fuel for them.
173
Immediately after
the earthquake (2)
Everyone is in shock: roads are blocked, essential services are destroyed and we now have to make
sense of the situation and work out how we can help in the best way possible. There are so many
things to do. We must work out how to treat the wounded, how to get clean water (not just for
ourselves, but also the entire population in the city), how to get supplies in as the port and airport
are both closed. And what about our existing patients in the maternity hospital? Babies will no doubt
still be born and who will look after the complicated deliveries? To be honest, we are completely
overwhelmed here, but we must work out at least where to start.
I have just heard a report that there maybe thousands of people buried under the rubble. That
means that sadly many will be dead and many more injured. Right now we are not set up to provide
medical or humanitarian care to these people so I must focus on rebuilding our facilities and getting
more emergency supplies into the country.
I have very little idea how the Haitian people are coping with the tragedy and the mess. Some of our
staff have made it in today and have told us about how their shanties have been flattened, but
people are busy rebuilding them already. The trouble is that with rubble everywhere and no supplies
coming into the country, nothing can get to the neighbourhoods. Food is already short and water can
only be obtained from old wrecked piping. People are still pulling friends and neighbours out of the
rubble. No news has come in yet about the situation in the countryside, but we do know that the
epicentre of the quake was right in Port-au-Prince. We have to hope that some of the outlying areas
were spared, but I just don't know.
There is so much to be done and I have to work with colleagues to prioritise the most essential
things first. Which means I have to go....!
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Six months after (1)

Haiti is still such a mess. The immediate emergency of the earthquake has passed,
but there is still so much to do. Essential services remain in very poor repair and
the challenges I faced pre-earthquake are still there. They just feel multiplied a
hundred times because now we have a whole catalogue of new problems.
As you all know, the death toll was horrific, but the mess that remains challenges
us to the limit. The emergency wounded have been tended to, but we still have
awful orthopaedic cases that we see and there will continue to be lots of
rehabilitation necessary. Basic services have broken down and supplies have been
so limited we have also become aware of a problem with people living with
HIV/AIDS as their essential medication is very short supply.
The maternity hospital is, mercifully, up and running to the best of our abilities. I
have worked round the clock to help a huge team construct a new hospital out of
container like units and we have managed to get the essential medical equipment
and supplies from Amsterdam. In some ways things have stabilised and I now feel
that we have a bit of time to reflect on the last few months. It has been very
traumatic, not least of which has been coming to terms with the death of some of
our staff and their families.
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175

If cholera comes to Haiti it could be horrific. The population is still in shock from the earthquake
and the destruction it caused, but this would be too much for them. MSF has lots of experience
around the world at dealing with cholera, but in this place it would be so hard to deal with, given
the lack of infrastructure.
The other problem is security. The earthquake created a situation where people had to fend for
themselves and we have seen a return to the gang culture that plagued the country preearthquake. The gangs control everything and even we, as MSF, have to negotiate this situation.
The gangs do not think twice about using violence if they do not get their own way and this has
complicated our work immeasurably. There are times when it simply is not safe enough to go out
and do your job. Just yesterday I had planned to go and check the water supply for one of our
community clinics, but we received word from the local gang that they controlled the water supply
and threatened me if I went to check it. How do we know they are doing it well? What are they
charging people who have nothing for clean water? What are the health implications if people are
forced to use water from the stream? I have no answers to these questions, but I still have the
responsibility of ensuring that people have clean water.
Now that things have settled down a bit life has slowly resumed in Port-au-Prince. The markets are
running again and I see people picking through the rubble to get about. Some of the roads have
been cleared so people can move about more freely and the air and seaports are running as before
the quake. Many of the shanty buildings have been put together again, but the bigger houses are
still as they were, in ruins.
Contents
176

Some construction has begun again, but not a lot. The good news is that produce can get into the
city from the countryside so food is a little more available, but as it is so expensive, many people
cannot afford the basics. So many people are still living in tents, given by the aid agencies, and
surviving on handout food, water and cooking facilities. There is not a patch of green in the city
any more, as all the parks, even the golf course, have been used as camps for people who lost
everything.
Before I go, I just want to tell you about one amazing thing that has come out of the disaster,
which we have used quite a lot to help us work. It seems that a bunch of computer users from
around the world have been analysing satellite mapping data from various sources, and mapping
the movements of people. For example, they can tell us where isolated groups of tents have been
set up so that the aid community can reach them. They can also tell us when people are taking
long diversions to reach certain destinations due to road blockages, which helps to clear the
important routes. It's been amazing to know that people from their own homes, all over the world,
have been helping with the mapping efforts that have been so useful to us on the ground.
I have to say I am looking forward to the end of my assignment next month as I am now
completely exhausted. It is just so hard to work so many hours for so long, but what alternative is
there when the needs around you are so great. I have learned so much in my time here, but there
is so much still to do. How will this place ever recover?
Contents
177
International
humanitarian system
UN System
UNHCR, OCHA, WFP, Unicef, WHO and
others
ICRC / Red Cross Movement
Non-governmental organisations
Donor Community
Contents
178
UN System
OCHA = Office of the Coordinator of Humanitarian Affairs

UNHCR = Organisations for refugees*, not IDPs**
WFP = World Food Programme
Unicef = Children, often health
WHO = primarily support Ministry of Health (MoH)
Refugee: a person who has crossed a national border to another country

to escape conflict or persecution. About 15.2 million worldwide
according to UN Refugee Agency.
** IDP: an internally displaced person seeks refuge from violence or disaster
within the borders of the own country. IDPs outnumber refugees by more
than two to one, but no single UN or other international agency has
responsibility for responding to internal displacement. About 26.4 million
worldwide according to Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.
Contents
179
Red Cross Movement

ICRC = International Committee of the Red
Cross
IFRC = International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies
National Red Crescent and Red Cross
Societies
Contents
180
NGOs
Non-profit, voluntary citizens group performing a
variety
of services and humanitarian functions
International NGOs
Varying degrees of independence

Multi-mandate agencies
Church-related agencies
Specialised like medical niche players or organisations targeting vulnerable
people
Local NGOs
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181
Humanitarian Principles:
International humanitarian Law
There is a set of humanitarian principles.
International humanitarian Law designed to minimise
the negative impact of war (while paradoxically accepting it)
Geneva Convention, other treaties, customary law that deals with
methods or means of warfare and the protection of civilian
populations
Speaking out (tmoignage) against violations of humanitarian law
forms part of MSFs mission.
Not the same as
Principles of humanitarian action
Human Rights Law, which is embodied in the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights applies to all people at all times, whether or not
there is war, or whether or not they are civilians.
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182
Humanitarian Principles:
Principles of humanitarian
action
Humanitarian principles illustrated by Mdecins Sans Frontires
Humanity: MSF is committed to bringing quality medical care to people in crisis regardless of
their race, religion, or political affiliation.
Impartiality: its work is based on the humanitarian principles of medical ethics and
impartiality.
Independence: MSF operates independently of any political, military, or religious agendas.
Medical teams conduct evaluations on the ground to determine a population's medical needs
before opening programs, aiming to fill gaps that exist (rather than replicating services that are
already offered) or reach communities that are not being assisted. The key to MSFs ability to
act independently in response to a crisis is its independent funding. Ninety percent of MSF's
overall funding (and 100 percent of MSF-USA's funding) comes from private, non-governmental
sources. In 2009, MSF had 3.8 million individual donors and private funders worldwide.
Neutrality: As an organization, MSF is neutral. It does not take sides in armed conflicts,
provides care on the basis of need alone, and pushes for increased independent access to
victims of conflict as required under international humanitarian law.
Source: Doctors Without Borders, http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/aboutus/
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183
Humanitarian
assistance
Complex relationship between humanitarian assistance and
political action
Constantly need to define and question the purpose of
humanitarian action, its operational principles and
relationship with other actors like military, governments and
aid agencies.
Contextual differences, time pressure and fast-changing
situations on the ground are challenging.
The multiplicity of agencies and actors, often independent,
can make coordinated and effective action harder.
Emergencies can polarise objectives and it can be difficult to
be objective.
Further issues can arise because of refugees and internally
displaced people and public health emergencies.
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184
Priorities
of natural disaster response
Areas that are recognized as priorities in humanitarian
interventions and that evaluations often flag as shortcomings
in operations:
Linking relief, recovery and development;
Mapping and monitoring needs and target groups;
Synergy between local, national and international capacities;
Coordination of humanitarian actors and projects;
Disaster Preparedness and vulnerability reduction.
Evaluation is systematic and impartial examination
of humanitarian action intended to draw lessons to improve
policy and practice and enhance accountability.
Source: Assessing the Quality of Humanitarian Evaluations, The Alnap Quality Proforma,
http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/QualityProforma05.pdf
Humanitarian response To Natural Disasters: A Synthesis of Evaluation Findings,
http://www.norad.no/en/tools-and-publications/.../107610?_...true...
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185
Further info on Haiti

APPENDIX
Contents
186
Haiti before 2010

Haiti pre-earthquake:
First independent republic in Caribbean, it rebels against slavery
and overthrows colonial rule in 1804, but remains affected by it.
After 1804, history of two-caste society continues with mixed-race
descendants taking place of French elites. Mulattos dominate the
black population and Haitis politics and economy.
Dictatorships and coup detats, violence and instability entrench a
notoriously inefficient and corrupt government and economy as well
as a culture of social unrest.
Armed rebellion forces President Jean-Bertrand Aristide out of office
in 2004. In 2006 democratically elected president and parliament
finally elected.
Add to this environmental degradation and the potential of the
mountainous tropical island as a tourist destination is ruined.
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/Haiti_paper_01102010.pdf
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187
Haiti:
Republic of NGOs
Why has Haiti been called the Republic of NGOs?
In mid 2000s international community establishes its cooperation to help the fragile state.
The over 3,000 NGOs in a population of 10 million exploded to an estimated 10,000 after
the 2010 earthquake; its an estimate, as most are not registered. They provide most of
the services like healthcare and education and development efforts, expertise and funding
not provided by the government. They can be perceived as more stable and accountable
than the Haitian government.
Most like government are concentrated in Port-au-Prince and urban areas, meaning that
there is little support from NGOs and government for sustainable livelihoods in rural
communities.
Most NGOs are in relief during acute emergencies (like MSF) or reconstruction and
development (like Oxfam). To use a metaphor, the former tends to give out fish to keep
people alive, while the latter later teaches to them fish.
The scope of the problems is beyond the mandate and capacity international assistance.
International assistance can include other nations, armies, international agencies, nongovernmental organisations, foreign philanthropists and volunteers. Developed and
wealthy nations are less likely to require or request foreign aid in the wake of a disaster
than less developed ones.
Source: Great Eastern Japan Earthquake,
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/05/the-great-eastern-japan-earthquake-assessing-disaster-response-and-lessons-for-the-us
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188
Chronic housing
issues in Haiti
Suitability or availability of land; sprawling informal suburbs and slums;
failing or non-existent infrastructure.
Sites not cleared of rubble.
Build Back Better Requirements, which cost more, demand technological
know how and take time.
Land tenure issues mean that international and local non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) are struggling to identify and get permission to build
homes in alternative residential areas. Government is stalling on land
reform, tenure and ownership legislation; there is lack of clarity about
ownership of land and Haitian elites are not cooperating as landowners.
Translating an urban development strategy into practice.
People are unwilling to leave Port-au-Prince because of inability to make a
living outside of the capital in spite of incentivized government rural
relocation programs.
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/Haiti_paper_01102010.pdf
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189
Examples of
Crowdsourcing - Haiti
Ushahidi (www.ushahidi.com) is an open source platform for mapping

in emergencies that was set up during election violence in Kenya in
2007 and was used extensively in Haiti.
Through Open source mapping like www.openstreetmap.org, a
Wikipedia-like site, amateur map makers could update maps faster
following the earthquake than the US Department of Defense.
Armchair disaster relief agents around the world edited maps and
information about Haiti to assist aid workers.

1. Watch the What is Ushahidi video http://www.ushahidi.com/ .
2.
Discuss: the future an opensource system that does not rely on an existing
interface and can truly develop in an impromptu way when emergency needs
occur?
Source: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011-04-11-japan-social-media_N.htm
http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/21/crowdsourcing-disaster-relief/
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191
MSF:
Contact us or find out more
Visit our website: www.msf.org.uk
About MSF: http://www.msf.org.uk/about.aspx
Email us: schools@loondon.msf.org
Find us on facebook: www.facebook.com/MSF.english
Follow us on Twitter: www.twitter.com/MSF_UK
Follow us on You tube: www.youtube.com/user/MSFUK
The MSF movement was awarded the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize.
Contents
192

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A level Geography

Tectonic activity and

Geography Working Group

Your research and writing

Tectonic hazards and causes

Tectonic hazards: physical impacts

Tectonic hazards: human impacts

Responses to tectonic hazards

Further info (Hyperlink)

AQA Unit 3: Seismicity

tectonic processes involved in creating these hazards;

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the content,

Analyse, interpret and evaluate geographical information,

Select and use variety of methods, skills and techniques

Your research and writing

Places, people and power

The synoptic element

Distil big concepts, implications and influences of tectonic activity

Synoptic content and

Further info on more and less economically developed countries contrasts

Case studies in this

Action for students:

Action for students:

Your study, research,

Dunn, C. and K. Adams A2 Geography Advice

Do not describe only. Be clear

Introducing, defining topic

Research and methodology

Analysis, application, understanding

Conclusion and evaluation

Quality of written expression and sourcing

Exemplar slides for your research

Exemplar Slide on seismicity

The earthquake on March 11, 2011,

Exemplar Country Profile:

Governance: security, civil service, public management, core

standard by which the world regulates clocks and time,

Risk profile: Country ranked

New York Times

Some of the burning houses swallowed by

Los Angeles Times

Offset ocean floor

Waves crashes over

Water and debris

Starting your case studies

Draw a sketch of Haitis location and the two plates.

Haitis country profile

USGS Summary Poster

Print out the USGS summary

USGS Earthquake map of Haiti:

You will find multiple panels:

Japan and Haiti:

GDP per capita

2. Population pyramid: which age groups

Japan and Haiti:

Tectonic activity, seismicity and

What are tectonic hazards and their causes?

Perspectives on the Haiti

A tectonic event is a physical occurrence resulting

Watch BBC News, Animated Guide

Watch National Geographic,

Review BBC GCSE Bitesize, What

Source: Edexcel Unit 4, Option 1,

Tohoku, Japan (2011) Map: