1900

20 30

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

M (T ) M (T )d
0

6.

M (T )

1 -

M (T ) T 4

5.670 108 W m 2 K 4
1700K

T m b

b 2.898 103 m K

1100K
0

/ m
2

15-1 ( =1~14 m)

.73 m2 33=306 K

15-1

4
8
4
2

M (T ) T 5.67 10 306 497(W m )

P 1.73 497 860(W)

Ts

M (T ) (T T )
4

4
s

M (T )

/ m

0 h

E n 0 nh ( n 1, 2, 3,L )

h 6.6260755 10

34

J s

2 hc 2 5
M (T ) hc /( kT )
e
1

i
im2
im1

1.

im I

I1

I 2 I1
U s O

2.

1
2
mv eU s
2

I2

3.

Cs

Us

Cu

4.

1
2

U s k ( 0 )

( 0 )

mv eU s

5. 109s

1.

mc 2 h

h h
p mc

c
h
m 2 2
c
c

2.

1
h m v2 A,
2

A h 0

A Ek

Ek A 0

2.
2
0 c (1 cos ) 2c sin
2
3.

1. 0

h 0 m0 c 2 h mc 2

h 0 r h r
r
n0
n mv
c
c

h
n0 r
n
0
r
n0

h
n

mv

h 0
h 0 h
h
cos
mv 2
c c
c
c

m m0 (1 v2 / c 2 )1/ 2

h
2
0
(1 cos ) c (1 cos ) 2c sin
m0 c
2

1. .
2.
.

1.1885

1
1
1
R ( 2 2 )

2
n

n 3, 4, 5,L

2.1890 ,

1
1
1
R ( 2 2 ),

k
n

n k 1, k 2,L

R 1.0973731 107 m 1

1
1
1
R ( 2 2 ) ,

1
n
1
1
1
R ( 2 2 ) ,

2
n
1
1
1
R ( 2 2 ) ,

3 n
1
1
1

R ( 2 2 ) ,

4 n

1
1
1

R ( 2 2 ) ,

5 n
1
1
1

R ( 2 2 ) ,

6 n

n 2, 3,L
n 3, 4,L
n 4, 5,L
n 5, 6,L
n 6, 7,L
n 7, 8,L

1.

h
L mvr nh( h
n 1, 2, 3, L )
2

2.

h En Ek

3.
4.
1

0 h2 2
2
rn
n

n
r1
2
me

me 4
1
E n 2 2 2 2 E1
8 0 h n
n

a0

13.6
eV

E E
me 4 1
1

2
8 h k
n
2
0

1
me 4 1
1
2 3 2 2
c 8 0 h c k
n

n
n4
n3
n2

n1

E 0

E1 13.6eV

Louis Victor de Broglie 1892 1987 )

E mc h
2

h
p mv

1.

2.

3.
.

2 r n

n 1, 2, 3,L

mv
h
L mvr n
2

15-2

pp mc h /

Ep mc hc /
2

pe mev h /
me v 2
h 2 c hc c
E p me c
c
c
Ep
v
v
v v
2

1. - 1927

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2.1927 G. P.

1927

1. x p x h/ 2

y p y h/ 2

z pz h/ 2
a

p h/

1
p

o
p x

x a , px p sin 1 p
a
x px h

x p x h

2
x px 0

2.

E t h/ 2

x px h

15-3
1010m 2.18106ms1
1010m

34

h
6.626 10
6
1
v

7.2 10 (m s )
31
10
m x 9.1 10 10

p E

1.

( x , t ) 0 e i 2 ( t x / ) 0e

2
( Et px )
h

2.
1 1926

dV
2

dw dV dV

dV 1

c1 1 c2 2

1.

d ( x ) 2mE k

( x) 0
2
2
dx
h
2

2.
Ep U

d 2 ( x ) 2m
2 ( E U ) ( x ) 0
2
dx
h

( r ) ( r ) ( r ) 2m

2 ( E U ) ( r ) 0
2
2
2
x
y
z
h
2

2
2
2

2 2 2 2
x
y
z

2m
( r ) 2 ( E U ) ( r ) 0
h
2

0
U ( x)

(0 x a )
( x 0, x a )

U ( x)

d 2 2m
2 ( E 0) ( x ) 0 (0 x a )
2
dx
h

( x)

2
n
sin
x
a
a

(0 x a )

2
n
( x)
sin
x (0 x a )
a
a
( x ) 0 ( x 0, x a )

2 2 n
x
1 ( x ) sin
a
a
2

n 2 h2
En
8ma 2
2

h
n 1, E1
8ma 2

n4

16E1

n3

9E1

n2

4E1

n1
x0

E1

a/2

x0

a/2

U
U ( x)
0

(0 x a )
( x 0, x a )

U ( x)
U

d 2 2m
2 ( E U ) 0 (0 x a )
2
dx
h
d 2 2mE
2 0 ( x 0, x a )
2
dx
h

2mE
2m
k1 2 , k2 2 ( E U )
h
h

1 ( x ) A1e

ik1 x

B1e

ik1 x

2 ( x ) A2e k2 x B2e k2 x
3 ( x ) A3e

( x 0)
(0 x a )
( x a)

ik3 x

( x)
1

2
O

3
a

2 ( r ) 2 ( r ) 2 ( r ) 2m
Ze 2

2 (E
) ( r ) 0
2
2
2
x
y
z
h
4 0 r

1. n

me
Z
En 2 2 2 , n 1, 2, 3,L
8 0 h n

2. l

h
L l ( l 1)
, l 0,1, 2,L , n 1
2
3. m

h
Lz m
, m 0, 1, 2,L , l
2
4. s

h
Ls s( s 1)
2

1
s
2
s 1

h
Lsz m s
, m s s , s 1,L , s
2

ms

( n, l , m )
ms

n 1

Z n 2(2l 1) 2n 2
l 0

1.

2.

1.

2.

1.

2.
1

e Ee / h

v Ev / h

Ev ( n )h
2
3 r Er / h

E Ee Ev E r

E E e E v E r

E e E v E r

h
h
h