1

Introduction
What is Pvti used for ?
Lunching Pvti
The Main Panel
Define Components
Characterisation of Plus Fraction
The Fluid Model
Samples In Pvti
Phase Plot
Exercises
2

 Fluid Properties Estimation

Creating a Fluid System
Simulating Experiments
Regression
Exporting Eclipse Pvt Table

Fluid Flow Simulation Data

Grid & Geometry

PVT Model

Property Model

Geocellular Model SCAL Model

Eclipse Model
Production History

Well Test
4

Different Sections In a Eclipse Data File

 Pvti is a compositional pvt

equation of state based
program used for
characterizing a set of fluid
samples for use in our
Eclipse simulators.
We need Pvti because it is
vital that we have a realistic
physical model of our
reservoir fluid samples
before we try to use them in
a reservoir simulation.

Refining
Surface Separation

Transport

Sampling
Gas Injection
(Re-cycling)

Sampling
Multi-Phase
Flow

Miscible/Immisicible
Displacement
Sampling

Pressure Decline
Saturation Change

Near Wellbore Blockage

Require knowledge of fluid behavior in reservoir, well and at surface

Over a wide range of pressures, temperatures and compositions

 Need to predict:
Composition of well stream v.s. time
Completion design (wellbore liquids)
Gas injection or re-injection
Specification of injected gas- how much C3, 4, 5s to
leave in
separator configuration and conditions
Miscibility effects

 To match an Equation of State to

observations
This is done to compensate for the inability to
measure directly all the things we need to know
about the hydrocarbons

To Create
Black-Oil PVT tables for a Black Oil model
Compositional PVT parameters for a
Compositional Model

 The Main panel

Systems: Define Fluids and
Samples
Simulate: Experiments and
Observations
Regress : Match EoS
Export : Results to Simulators

10

11

12

13

14

Edit
Fundamentals

Fluid Model
Samples
Properties Estimation
Experiments
Observation
15

16

Edit
Fundamentals

Fluid Model
Samples
Properties Estimation
Experiments
Observation
17

 Equation of State
Components
Binary Interaction Coefficients
Volume Shifts
Thermal Properties
LBC Viscosity Coefficients
Split
Group

18

 An Equation of State (EOS) is

an analytic expression relating
pressure to volume and
temperature
Best method for handling
large amounts of PVT data
Efficient and versatile means
of expressing thermodynamic
functions in terms of PVT data
None completely satisfactory
for all scientific and
engineering applications
19

20

Equation of State
Components
Binary Interaction Coefficients
Volume Shifts
Thermal Properties
LBC Viscosity Coefficients
Split
Group

21

22

 Library Component
User Component
Characterized Component

23

24

25

26

If you use characterization

components, you must generally
specify at least two out of the
following:
Molecular weight Mw
Specific gravity , Sg
Normal boiling point
temperature , Tb
Watson characterization factor ,
Kw
27

Two strings which specify the

characterization procedure
required for:
Critical properties.
Kessler-Lee (K), Cavett (C),
Riazi-Daubert (R), Winn (W) or
Pedersen (P)
Acentric factor.
Kessler-Lee (K), Edmister (E),
Thompson (T) or Pedersen (P).
28

 Properties increasing with

increasing molecular weight
Tc Critical Temperature
Tb Normal Boiling Point
Vc Critical Volume
Acentric Factor
o Liquid Density
Pa Parachor

29

 Properties decreasing with

increasing molecular weight
Pc Critical Pressure
Zc Critical Z-Factor

Having defined our

components and pseudocomponents, we can define
what our sample is made of.

30

 Equation of State
Components

Binary Interaction Coefficients

Volume Shifts
Thermal Properties
LBC Viscosity Coefficients
Split
Group

31

 Strictly, binary interaction

coefficients are interpreted as
accounting for polar forces between
pairs of molecules.
Many authors have suggested that
binaries are the obvious Equation
of State parameter to adjust to
match Equation of State to
laboratory results, especially the
Methane to plus-fraction binary.
However, Pedersen et al., have
shown that this is problematic.

32

33

 Katz and Firzoobadi

Experimentally determined for Non-Hyd:Hyd
Hyd:Hyd all zero except between C1 and CN+

kC1-CN+=0.14

- 0.06

Cheuh-Prausnitz
Theoretical consideration

k i , j A 1

2(Vc ,iVc , j )

1/ 6

Vc1,i/ 3 Vc1,/j3

34

 Equation of State
Components

Binary Interaction Coefficients

Volume Shifts
Thermal Properties
LBC Viscosity Coefficients
Split
Group

35

The volume shift corrections applied to the

three-parameter PR3 and SRK3 equations
of state assume that the mis-match in
predicted and measured liquid density at
some reference conditions on a componentby-component basis can be used to correct
volumes at all other pressures and
temperatures. In an attempt to account for
the known temperature dependence, two
methods are available for modifying the
volume shifts.

36

No Temperature Dependence
Temperature Dependence
Linear Expansion Only
Polynomial correlations

37

38

 Equation of State
Components

Binary Interaction Coefficients

Volume Shifts
Thermal Properties
LBC Viscosity Coefficients

Split
Group

39

 Insufficient description of heavier

hydrocarbons reduces the accuracy
of PVT predictions (Whitson C.H.,
SPEJ, p. 683, Aug. 1983)
Condensates and Volatile Oils are
particularly sensitive to plus fraction
composition and properties
Laboratories tend to give very limited
analysis to the plus fraction, i.e., MN+,
N+

40

 The plus fraction often has an

importance that appears to far
outweigh its relatively
small mole fraction of a fluid sample. In
particular, saturation pressure
calculations can be extremely sensitive
to the mole fraction and properties of
the plus fraction. More
accurate predictions requiring less
regression of equation of state
parameters can be achieved if a
thorough description of the plus
fraction can be made.
41

This menu allows for the

automatic splitting of the plus
fraction in to a required
number of sub fraction for
subsequent use in a large
regression or for output to a
compositional simulator such
as one in Eclipse.
There are four methods
available from this option for
splitting the plus fraction ,
which must be the last
component :
42

Constant mole fraction

splitting (CMF)
Whitson
Multi feed split, or
semi continuous
thermodynamic
splitting

43

 Equation of State
Components

Binary Interaction Coefficients

Volume Shifts
Thermal Properties
LBC Viscosity Coefficients

Split
Group
44

This menu allows for the automatic

grouping of the sub fraction for
subsequent use in a large regression
or for out put to a compositional
simulator such as the one in Eclipse.
There are three methods available
from this option for grouping the
components :
Mole fraction
Molecular weight
Mixing Rule
45

 Compositional simulator
uses same EOS model as
PVTi
Flash calculations can take
50% of simulation time
Reduce number of
equations reduce
number of components

46

 Basis for grouping

similar properties, eg MW
same log(K) versus p trend
insensitivity of experiments to trial
grouping

Obvious candidates
iC4 and nC4 C4
iC5 and nC5 C5
Add N2 to CH4, CO2 to C2H6 (at low
concentrations)

47

Edit
Fundamentals
Fluid Model

Samples
Properties Estimation

Experiments
Observation
48

49

50

51

View
Samples
Observation
Library

52

53

Finger plot give an idea of the

nature that is condensate or
volatile oil, of a given fluid sample
providing a reasonable split of the
heptanes plus, then condensate
typically has straight line or down
tuning, slope proceeding towards
the heavier fractions whilst a
volatile oil has an upturning ,slope
as it usually contains more heavy
fraction
54

55

56

Utilities / Units
Edit / Fundamentals
Edit / Fluid Model

Equation of state

57

This Exercise describes how to use PVTi for Fluid Properties Estimation.Fluid properties estimation
can provide quick-look PVT tables at the well site.A saturation pressure (bubble or dew-point)
together with a reservoir composition are sufficient inputs to provide a quick-look simulation, giving
an initial estimation of fluid properties in advance of a full fluid analysis in the lab.After completing
this Exercise you should be able to use PVTi as a simulation tool for fluid properties estimation.
CO2

0.91

N2

0.16

C1

36.47

Unit :Field

C2

9.67

Temp Unit : Fahrenheit

C3

6.95

IC4

1.44

Percentage

NC4

3.93

Gage Pressure

IC5

1.44

Pb = 2516.7 psig

NC5

1.41

Temp = 220 F

C6

4.33

C7+

33.29

Mw C7+

218

Spg C7+

0.8515

58

Split The C7+ Component to 4

Components By :
Whitson Method
Draw the phase and finger plot
Compare the Phase Plots

59

Edit

Samples
Properties Estimation
Experiments
Exercises

60

61

62

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64

65

 Define Sample 1 (ZI) as

Separator Oil
Define Sample 2 (Gas) as
Separator Gas
Mixing Type By : Gas/Oil Ratio
New Sample Name:Recomb
System Temp: 205 F
System Press: 2000 Psia

66

67

Single Point
Pressure Depletion
Injection Study
Separators

68

69

Feed this container with N moles of fluid composition CO2 N2 C1 C 2-3C 4-6 C 7-10 C 11-15
C 16-20 C 20+ (know Zi mole fraction feed)

Flash: Determine amount, properties

and composition of the vapor and
liquid at EQUILIBRIUM

Temperature and
Pressure Set
70

K-values = Equilibrium Constants

yi
Ki
xi

V yi
L xi

71

Specify temperature
and feed composition
of OIL
PVTi returns pressure
where phase transition
occurs.

72

Specify temperature
and feed composition
of GAS
PVTi returns pressure
where phase transition
occurs.

73

 Definition: The intensive

properties of the vapor
and liquid become equal
Intensive properties independent of the
amount of component
Extensive properties dependent on the amount
of substance in the
system, e.g. heat content,
volume internal energy.

74

75

76

Simulation Section
Defining Fluid System
of GAS5
MAKE DEW POINT
CALCULATION

77

78

 Specify a temperature and a

series of pressures
Pick: OIL, GAS or SIN (true
one-phase system, such as
dry gas above the
cricondontherm)
Saturation volume will be
used as a normalization
volume

79

 At p > psat there are no compositional changes and

CVD and DL are equivalent to CCE

Vapor

liquid

Cell
Volume at
Bubble Point

liquid
Liquid

p>pb

Vapor

pb

p<pb

Liquid

p<<pb
80

 Specify a temperature and a

series of pressures.
Applied to liquid/oil systems only
All gas is removed at each
pressure step
Last pressure step will be a
reduction to standard conditions automatic.

81

Schematic Diagram of
Differential Liberation

Withdrawn
Gas
Withdrawn
Gas

Vapor
Vapor
Liquid
Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

p>pbub

pbub

p<pbub

p<<pbub

Cell
Volume at
Bubble Point

82

 Separator tests are conducted to determine

the changes in the volumetric
behavior of the reservoir fluid as the fluid
passes through the separator
(or separators) and then into the stock tank.
The resulting volumetric
behavior is influenced to a large extent by the
operating conditions, i.e.,
pressures and temperatures, of the surface
separation facilities. The primary
objective of conducting separator tests,
therefore, is to provide the
essential laboratory information necessary for
determining the optimum
surface separation conditions, which in turn will
maximize the stock-tank
oil production.

Liquid

Liquid

p>pbub

pbub

83

Separator Separator
Pressure Temperature
o
Barsa
C

Gas/Oil Ratio

50

91.46

50

Formation
Volume
Factor

Molar fraction
to Liquid
Stream

Density Density
of Liquid of Vapor
Fraction Fraction

0.642

697.41 44.614

to
1.0132 30

105.78

2.0441

0.344

787.22 1.623

Cumulative for
Separator Train

232.38

2.0441

0.344

795.25 1.260

1.0132 15.5556

240.81

2.0925

0.336

797.48 1.280

25

133.89

0.583

731.70 22.646

25

to
1.0132 5

53.23

1.8629

0.418

783.37 1.612

Cumulative for
Separator Train

187.86

1.8629

0.418

777.25 1.064

84

85

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89

90

 Cannot predict viscosities from EOS:

phase flow property
Two most widely used correlations
Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC)
Pedersen et al

LBC OK for gases and volatile oils, very

poor for heavier oils
Pedersen better for gases and oils, but
not good for heavy oils (presence of
asphaltenes)

91

92

 Based on Corresponding States Method

(CSM)
A group of substances obey CSM if functional
dependence of reduced quantity on other
reduced quantities is the same for all
components in the group

Pedersen
r = f(Tr, Pr)
Alternative Ely and Hanley

r = f(Tr, r)

93

 Viscosity a parameterized function of reduced

density

r
c

where critical density

Togive
a a
1

1
c
Vc

x V

i c ,i

i 1

r a3 a4 a5
2
r

3
r

4
r

94

95

 A Reliable Prediction of The

Pressure Performance of a
Gas Condensate Reservoir is
Necessary in Determining
Reserves And Evaluating Field
Separation Methods.

96

 Specify a temperature
(below cricondotherm) and
a series of pressures
Applies to both oil and
condensate systems
Vapor removed to restore
cell to original volume
Relative volume reported is
the fraction of the cell filled
with liquid after the gas is
removed

97

Withdrawn
Gas
Withdrawn
Gas

Vapor

Vapor
Cell
Volume at
Dew Point

Vapor
Vapor
Vapor

p>pdew

pdew

Liquid

Liquid

p<pdew

p<<pdew
98

 It should be performed on all

Condensates and volatile oils as
these are the fluids which are going
to undergo the greatest
compositional changes if the
reservoir pressure is allowed to drop
below the saturation pressure.
As the pressure drops below the
bubble point/dew point pressure, the
following calculations and
procedures are taken:

99

Simulation Section
Defining Fluid System of GAS5
Simulating Dew Point Pressure
Calculation
Simulating CCE Experiments
Simulating CVD Experiments
Observed Data:Vap-Z FactorLiquid sat Moles Recoverd
Plotting Results
100

Simulation Section
Defining Fluid System of
GAS5
Split Heavy component to
3 ,Using Multi Feed Method.
Simulating CCE Experiments
Simulating CVD Experiments
Observed Data:Vap-Z FactorLiquid sat Moles Recovered
Plotting Results
101

102

103

 Why Regress EOS parameters?

Incomplete fluid description
Limitations of cubic EOS

Problems of regression
Multi-variable
Non-linear

104

 Check measured data for

consistency and quality
Compositions sum to 100%?
Pressure-dependent data: correct
trends?
Material balance on CVD?
Property definitions?
Consistent units?
Plus fraction description?

EOS: Use three-parameter

model - extra degree of
freedom in si (Volume Shift
Parameter)
105

 Vary properties of poorly

defined components, i.e., plus
fraction(s)
Choose as few properties as
possible
Bounding Rms or
Variables limits
Redundancy in variable set: trial and
error to find optimum set or
sensitivity matrix Aij = ri/ xj

Ensure variable monotonicity

106

 (Tc, pc), or Omegas of plus

fraction(s): saturation pressure,
liquid dropout, etc.
Volume shift: Z-factors, densities,
etc.
Zc or Vc for LBC viscosity
Consider
Experiment set
Observation set and weights
Variable set and limits

107

 Dont Use Library Component As

Regression Parameter
Pc, Tc & w of any Non Library
Component
Pc , Tc & w of any Component With
Molecular Weight of C7 or Heavier
OmegA & OmeagB of Any
Component With Molecular weight of
C7 or Heavier
108

 Set of variables:

x ( x1 , x2 ,..., x N )

Define Residuals:

ri ( x) yiobs yicalc ( x)

(i 1,2,..., M )

where M < N
then, Rms Error

1 M 2
f ( x) ri ( x)
2 i 1
109

110

 Experiments and observations

Laboratory Measurements
CCE
CVD
DL
Separator Test
Regression: which variables?
When? How?
Regression weights

111

112

113

114

Regression
Using Fluid Model of Exercise-7
Fitting an EoS by regression
Regression using the normal
Variables
Plot The Results

115

 Oilbasedmudsarewidelyusedinoffshoredrilling
applications.Ofconcernhoweveristheresulting
contaminationassociatedwithobtaininghighqualitysamples
offormationhydrocarbons.Thefiltrateofoilbasedmudsis
highlysolubleinformationhydrocarbonfluids,therefore,any
contaminationofthesamplewithoilbasedmudfiltratecan
significantlyaffectthecompositionandphasebehaviorofthe
formationfluids.ThereservoirfluidsamplesforPVTtestscan
eitherbecollectedbybottomholeand/orsurfacesampling
techniquesasandwhenappropriate.Duringthedrilling
process,duetooverbalancepressureinmudcolumn,mud
filtrateinvadestheformation.Ifanoilbasedmudisusedin
thedrilling,itcancausemajordifficultiesincollectinghigh
qualityformationfluidsamples.Asthefiltrateofoilbased
drillingmudismisciblewiththeformationfluid,itcould
significantlyalterthecompositionandphasebehaviorofthe
reservoirfluid.Eventhepresenceofsmallamountofoilbased
filtrateinthecollectedsample,couldsignificantlyaffectthe
PVTpropertiesofformationfluid.

116

 Oil based muds are in widespread

use and often contaminate PVT
samples taken at the well site.
PVTi offers two methods for
cleaning oil based muds :
Removing oil based mud
contamination by skimming
method.
Removing oil based mud
contamination by subtraction
method.

117

118

119

120

MW C25+ =400
SPG =.89857
121

Mud composition

122

123

One objective of PVT Analysis

Produce data for simulation
Type of model to use
Blackoil Model
Compositional
All assume that EOS has been
tuned to reliable measured data

124

Different Sections In a Eclipse Data File

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

Region 1

Region 2

138

PB = 2516.7 PSIG
Temp = 220 F

139

140

141

Exporting
Eclipse 100 PVT
tables
Changing the unit
system
Generating Eclipse
100 PVT tables

142

Exporting Eclipse 100 PVT

tables
Changing the unit
system
Generating Eclipse 100
PVT tables

143

144

When can you use a

Black-Oil model?
When should you use
a compositional
Model?

145

 PVTi has several simulations

available for investigating gas
injection processes.The three
that correspond closely to
laboratory experiments are:
Swelling Test
Vaporization Test
Multiple Contact Test

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

Moles of Injected
Gas

Sat.Press

Injected Gas : CO2

Temp : 302 F
153

Moles of Injected
Gas

Relative vol.

154

155

 An oil-gas displacement is immiscible if

the oil and gas segregate into separate
phases.
Oil-gas relative permeabilities and
capillary pressures are used.
A displacement is miscible if the
mixture of oil and gas forms a single
hydrocarbon phase.
Oil-gas relative permeabilities and
capillary pressures are not needed.

156

 Under normal conditions, oil & gas

reservoir fluids form distinct, immiscible
phases
Immiscible phases are separated by an
interface
associated with inter-facial tension (IFT)
when IFT=0, fluids mix => MISCIBILITY

residual oil saturation to gas (and water)

directly proportional to IFT
miscible displacement characterized by
low/zero residual oil saturations

157

 Establishment of miscibility
depends on
pressure (MMP)
fluid system compositions

Miscibility normally
determined by laboratory
measurement
Miscibility difficult to predict
analytically
complex phase behavior
derivation of surface tension

158

Three basic types of

miscible process
first-contact miscibility
condensing-gas drive
vaporizing-gas drive

159

Example Oil:

C1 - 31%

Injection gas: C1

nC4 - 55%
C10 - 14%
4000
Pressure
Psia

Plait point

Cricondenbar (3250 psig)

Bubble Pts

Pressure/Composition Diagram
for Mixtures of C1 with C1/nC4/C10 Oil.

Dew pts

50

100

Volume % Methane

160

 Rule 1:
For 1st Contact Miscible Pressure of Displacement
must be above
Cricondenbar

161

 Pressure > MMP

All points between solvent and
reservoir oil lie in single phase
region
Need high concentrations of
solvent - expensive

162

 Injection gas is enriched with

intermediate components such as:
C2, C3, C4 etc
Mechanism:
Phase transfer of intermediate MW hydrocarbons
from the injected gas into the oil. Some of the gas
Condenses into the oil.
The reservoir oil becomes so enriched with these
materials that miscibility results between the
injection gas and the enriched oil.

163

Injection Gas

Injection Gas

Injection Gas

Injection Gas

oil

Equilibrium Oil Transferred to Next Cell

Condensing Gas Drive

164

Mixing 1:

Mixing 2:
Mixing 3:
Mixing 4:

Injection gas with Reservoir Oil

Mixture M1 splits into L1 and V1
(liquid and Vapor)
Injection gas with Liquid L1
Mixture M2 splits into L2 and V2
Injection gas with Liquid L2
Mixture M3 splits into L3 and V3
Injection gas with Liquid L3
Mixture M4 splits into L4 and V4

V1
V2

V3

injection gas

V4

The enriched Liquid Li position moves toward

the Plait Point until a line connecting the
injection gas and the enriched liquid lies
only in the single phase region.

M1

L1

reservoir oil

M M4
M2 3

L2

Plait Point
L3

L4

extension of critical tie line

165

Miscibility developed at the

trailing edge of the injection
gas

gas compositions with NO

multiple contact miscibility

gas compositions with

multiple contact miscibility
line from reservoir oil tangent
to 2 phase envelope
O

reservoir oil

gas compositions with

first contact miscibility

extension of critical tie line

166

 Pressure < MMP

Solvent and oil not miscible
initially
Solvent components transfer to
liquid oil phase
Repeated contact between oil
and solvent moves system
towards plait (critical) point
(dynamic miscibility)

167

 For systems with oil composition

to left of tie line, solvent
composition must lie to right
Field behavior is more
complicated
continuous, not batch, contact
both phases flow
actual phase behavior more complicated,
especially near plait point

168

169

 As P increases the two phase region becomes

smaller. At some point gas A is to the right of the
limiting tie line and MCM develops.
95-98%

Oil Recovery
%

im
X

e
bl
i
c
is

miscible
X

Minimum Miscibility Pressure

(MMP)
P

Results from slim tube displacements at various

pressures
170

171

172

 Injection Gas - Lean Gas, C1,

CO2, N2
For vaporizing gas drive multiple contact miscibility
Mechanism: Intermediate
hydrocarbon components in the
oil vaporize to enrich the gas.
As the leading edge of the gas
slug becomes sufficiently
enriched, it becomes miscible
with the reservoir oil.
173

Injection Gas
Equilibrium Gas Transferred to Next Cell

oil

oil

oil

oil

oil

oil

174

injection gas
Mixing 1:

Mixing 2:
Mixing 3:
Mixing 4:
Mixing 5:

Injection gas with Reservoir Oil

Mixture M1 splits into L1 and V1
(liquid and Vapor)
Gas Mix V1 with reservoir oil
Mixture M2 splits into L2 and V2
Gas Mix V2 with reservoir oil
Mixture M3 splits into L3 and V3
Gas Mix V3 with reservoir oil
Mixture M4 splits into L4 and V4
Gas Mix V4 with reservoir oil
Mixture M5 splits into L5 and V5

G
M1

V2
o

M2

V3
V4

M3

V5
M4

M5

L1

The enriched Gas Vi position

moves toward the Plait Point
until a line connecting the
enriched gas and the
reservoir oil lies
only in the single
phase region.

V1

L2

L3

L4

L5

reservoir oil

175

injection gas

Miscibility developed at the

leading edge of the injection
gas

For MCM in a Vaporizing Gas Drive

The Reservoir Oil composition MUST
lie to the right of the limiting tie line

176

177

178

179

180

Typical uses of Black-Oil and

Compositional:
Black-Oil: Pressure Depletion,
Heavy to medium oils
Compositional: Gas injection,
Miscibility,Near-critical
fluids, Condensates

181

 Reservoir compositions xi, yi

from depletion experiment, i.e.,
CVD or DL
Whitson and Torp: flash liquid
and vapour through separators
Blackoil properties ratio of
reservoir/separator volumes, etc.

Coats: vapour as Whitson and

Torp
Liquid volumes by mass conservation
Satisfies reservoir oil density

182

First Contact Miscibility Pressure

Experiment
Specify a temperature and two named samples
Calculates the lowest pressure at which the samples
will be directly miscible (always one phase) in all
proportions.

183

Taking Exercise-11
Add First Contact & Multiple
Contact Miscibility Experiments
Compare The Results.

184