BONDING

Electronegativity
Atomic property : how tightly an atom holds onto it
electrons
An atom with higher electronegativity has stronger pull
on electrons than an atom with lower electronegativity

Electronegativity
If two atoms come together to form a bond, the atom with higher
electronegativity will attract the electrons away from the atom with
lower electronegativity
The degree to which the electrons are attracted to the more
electronegativity atoms depends on the difference in electronegativities.

Electronegativity
Periodic table (the Pauling electronegativity of the
elements)
How electronegativity affects the two atoms interact?

 Periodic table (the Pauling electronegativity of the

elements)

Primary Bonds
Material are not made of individual atoms, they are made of
groups of atoms.
Groups of all kind of atom (a piece of iron)
Groups of different kinds of atoms (polyethylene, made of carbon
and hydrogen)

The bonds that form between the atoms have significant

influence on the materials properties.

Eg. Melting point, stiffness, thermal expansion : directly related to

the strength of bonds
relationship between structure & properties : understadnig
types of bonds is very important

Primary Bonds
One way to define chemical compounds is that they are
groups of atoms held together by primary bonds.
Three basic types of primary bonds: each of them
formed by different ways of sharing the electrons to
satisfy the octet rule (atoms are most stable when they
have filled valence shell, which for many atoms means
8 electrons, exception is hydrogen)
Three types : ionic, covalent and metallic bonds.

Primary Bonds

Metallic bonding

Primary Bonds

Metallic bonding

Primary Bonds
Ionic bond: Bond form when electron is transferred from
one atom to another to satisfy the octet rule for each of
them, resulting in positive and negative ions.
These ions are then attracted to each other through
electrostatic interactions
Ionic bonds are the strongest bonds, and melting
temperatures of ionic compounds are the highest of any
materials

Primary Bonds
Covalent bond: Bond formed when two atoms have
share electron equally.
These atoms are then bound together because the
octet rule is satisfied only while share electrons are
considered to be in the valence shell of both atoms.
Covalent bonds are considered strong, but generally
weaker than ionic bonds

Primary Bonds
Metallic bond: Bond formed when a group of atoms
contribute their valence electrons to form sea of
electrons around the atoms.
The octet rule is satisfied on average for all the atoms.
Metallic bonds are considered to be the weakest of the
primary bonds, although some metals can form bonds
that are stronger than covalent bonds.

Primary Bonds
Use you knowledge of electronegativity to predict the
types of bonds that will form between atoms.
Use below table to help you.

Primary Bonds
What kind of primary bonds in the compounds CaF2 and
GaN?
How big of a difference in electronegativity is needed for a bond to be ionic?

In reality, electron are not shared exactly equally between two atoms
because one will have a higher electronegativity than the other (except
diatomic molecules with the same atoms, eg. N 2)

This means always some ionic character to a covalent bond.

The % ionic character of a bond:
%ionic character = 100 X (1-exp(-0.25(EN A ENB)2)) , where ENA and ENB :
electronegativity of the two atoms ; limitation: only compares the ionic and
covalent characters of the bonds.

Primary Bonds
Another way to look at the type of bonding is through
the bond-type triangle.
Considers both the electronegativity difference between
the two atoms and the average value of the
electronegativities of the two atoms to determine the
bonding type.

Primary Bonds
How to use this triangle?
Bond character

Bond-type triangle, showing the regions for metallic (M), semimetallic (SM), covalent (C), and ionic
(I) bonding as a function of the average electronegativity and electronegativity difference for the
two atoms that make up the bond.

Nonbonding
Interaction
Nonbonding interactions = secondary bonds
Secondary bonds not actually bond, confusing. term
nonbonding interactions
Unlike primary bond, nonbonding interactions do not result
from sharing of electrons.
They occurs because of attraction between partial charges
that are present in the molecules , and much weaker than
primary bonds

Nonbonding
Interaction
Types of nonbonding interactions and strength of the
different types of nonbonding interactions.

Nonbonding
Interaction
Hydrogen bond: Occurs between oxygen, nitrogen, or
fluorine on one molecule, and hydrogen atoms on
another molecule that are bound to oxygen, nitrogen,
or fluorine.
This is the strongest nonbonding interaction.
Remember , commonly called bond, it is not a
primary bond; it is a nonbonding interaction.

Partial negative charge

Partial positive charge

Schematic diagram of hydrogen bonds

formed in water.

Nonbonding
Interaction
Permanent dipole: Occurs when a very electronegative
atoms forms a covalent bond with a less electronegative
atom, resulting in partial positive and negative charges in
the molecule.
The partial charges on the this molecule can then interact
with the partial charges on another molecule, forming a
permanent dipole interaction.

Schematic diagram of permanent dipole interactions formed in hydrogen chloride.

Nonbonding
Interaction
Induced dipole: This type of
interaction is formed by random
fluctuations in the electron
distribution in atoms.
A random fluctuation results in
partial positive and negative regions
on an atom.
The charges that are randomly
crated on this atom can attract or
repel electrons on a nearby atom,
resulting in a weak attraction
between the atom.
Also called Van der Walls bonds.
Schematic diagram of induced dipole interactions.

Nonbonding
Interaction
The difference between primary bonds and nonbonding
interaction?
Bonds vs. Nonbonding Interactions.
What kinds of primary and nonbonding interactions are present
in water?

Nonbonding
Interaction
How primary bonds and nonbonding interactions affect
properties?
How their structure affect their boiling points?
Bonding and Properties.

Summary
Fundamental atomic properties of electronegativity has an important
influence on materials properties.
The way in which atoms interact, as defined by electronegativity,
affects both primary bonds and nonbonding interactions, which in
turn affect the properties.
Here we discuss about only boiling point as a properties.
Next we will discuss how bonding can also be used to explain
engineering properties such as stiffness and thermal expansion.
Connection among electronegativity, bonding, and properties that we
discussed, illustrates an important aspect of materials science and
engineering properties.
Understanding this connection allows us to predict and control the
properties of materials.

Crystalline defects
Q1: List and describe in your own words three types of point
defect in crystals.
Q2 : List and describe in your own words three types of line
defect in crystals.
Q3: List and describe in your own words three types of planar
defects in crystals.
Individual Assignment ( Material Science Group 1 : Submit
on 29 Sept during class, Material Science Group 2: Submit
on 30 Sept during class)