By:

By:
Septi
Septi Dewi
Dewi Rachmawati
Rachmawat
Nursing School of Medical Faculty of Brawijaya University

Outline

I. Why we need to be able

reason well?
Professional decisions depend on a clear

understanding of factors and their

relationship
Actual cases: Improved strategies required
Developmental of clinical judgment
Expanding knowledge
strategies

Critical thinking
Clinical
Judgment

Clinical Experiences

Clinical reasoning

II. Definition of CT
A multifaceted and complex concept based on
reason and reflection, knowledge and instinct
derived from experience
...the ability to analyze facts, generate and
organize ideas, defend opinions, make
comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate
arguments and solve problems
(Chance,1986, p. 6)
reasonable reflective thinking focused on
deciding what to believe or do (Ennis,
1992).

III. Standard for CT

-

Clarity Vs lack of clarify

Specificity Vs vagueness
Accuracy Vs Inaccuracy
Relevance Vs Irrelevance
Adequacy Vs Inadequacy
Consistency Vs Inconsistency
Logical Vs illogical
Depth Vs superficially
Completeness Vs Incompleteness
Significance Vs triviality

IV. Critical Thinking skills

Applying Blooms taxonomy of thinking
skills
Know-ledge

Comprehen
sion

Applicati
on

Analysi Synthesi Evaluati

s
s
on

List
Name
Identify
Show
Define
Recogniz
e
Recall
State
Visualize

Summarize
Explain
Interprete
Describe
Compare
Paraphrase
Differentiate
Demonstrate
Classify

Solve
Illustrate
Calculate
Use
Relate
Manipulat
e
Apply
Modify

Analyze
Organiz
e
Deduce
Constra
st
Plan

Design
Support
Write
Justify

Evaluate
Choose
Estimate
Judge

Dr. Faciones 2010

Analysis

Interpretion
Evaluation

Inference
Self regulation
Explanation

The six Critical Thinking Skill

Reading

Listening

Observing

analyzing

Speaking

Writing

How to improve??
To improve critical reading:
Highlight the main ideas, join a study group, dialogue
with yourself, state in your own words
To improve critical listening:
Restate the points made with others, focus on what a
speaker saying and listen the key points, making
notes while listening, asking
To improve critical observing:
Remove any restriction, eliminate distraction, ask your
self the main points, create new ways, look from
outside

How to improve??
To improve critical analyzing:
Maintain clear and accurate logic, take all details into
consideration, use systematic and scientific based
process, use both cognitive and psychomotor skills
To improve critical writing:
Summarize, reread, ask your self the main points,
ask a friend for input
To improve critical speaking:
Clear and accurate logic, avoid
ambiguousness,practice

V. Major CT Processes

1. Contextual awareness & deciding

what to observe and consider

2. Exploring & imaging alternatives
3. Assumption recognition and analysis
4. Reflective scepticism /deciding what
to do

1. Contextual awareness & deciding what to observe and consider

This includes an awareness of whats happening in the context of

the situation, including values, cultural issues and
environmental influences
Sample questions include:

What was going on in the situation that may have influenced the outcome?
What factors influenced my behaviour and others behaviour in this
situation?
What else was happening simultaneously that affected me in this situation

What happened just before this incident that made a difference

What emotional responses influenced how I was reacting to the
situation
What else do I need to know? What information is missing?
How do I go about getting the information I need?
What about this situation have I seen before? What is different/
dissimilar?
Who should have been involved in order to improve the outcome?
Whats important and whats not important in this situation?
What changes in behaviour alerted me that something was wrong

2. Exploring & imaging alternatives

This involves exploring as many alternatives as you can think
of for the given situation
Sample questions include:

What
What
What
What
What

is one possible explanation for (insert what is happening)?

are other explanations for ?
is one thing I could do in this situation?
are two more possibilities/ other alternatives?
else would I want to know about this situation?

Are there others who might be able to

help me develop more alternatives?
Of the possible actions I am
considering, which one is most
reasonable? Why are the others not as
reasonable?
Are there other resources that need to
be mobilized?

3. Assumption recognition and analysis

This involves analyzing assumptions you are making about the situation as
well as examining the beliefs that underlie your choices
Sample questions include:
What has been taken for granted in this situation?
Which beliefs/ values are shaping my assumptions?
What assumptions contributed to the problem in this situation?
What rationale supports my assumptions?
How will I know my assumption is correct?

4. Reflective scepticism /deciding what to do

This critical thinking approach involves questioning, analyzing, and
reflecting on the rationale for decisions
Sample questions include:
What else might work in this situation?
Am I sure of my interpretation of the situation?
What rationale do I have for my decisions?
What aspects of this situation require the most careful attention?

 Why was it important to intervere?

What got me started taking some action?
In priority order, identify what I would do in this situation and

why?
What priorities were missed?
Having decided what was wrong/ happening, what is the best
response?
What might I delegate in this situation?
What was done? Why was it done?
What would I do differently after reflecting on this situation?