POWER LINE MONITORING &

PROTECTION
Contents
 Introduction
 Linear Power Supply
 Rectifiers
 Regulators
 PIC Microcontroller
 Interfacing a PIC with a LCD
 Relay
 Conclusion
Introduction
 There is a need to monitor the voltage,
current & frequency to protect devices from
variation of these parameters. Our device is
based on PIC16F877A microcontroller & it
monitors voltage, frequency & current & if
these parameters go below or above the
set limit a relay is turned ON which can be
used to cut the power till the parameters
return back to normal
Block Diagram
Linear Power Supply:
 An AC powered linear power supply
usually uses a transformer to convert
the voltage from the wall outlet
(mains) to a different, usually a lower
voltage.
 To produce DC, a rectifier is used. A
capacitor is used to smooth the
pulsating current from the rectifier.
Rectifiers
 A rectifier is an electrical device that
converts alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC), a process known
as rectification. Rectifiers have many
uses including as components of
power supplies and as detectors of
radio signals
Regulators:

 Regulator (automatic control) is a

device which has the function of
maintaining a designated
characteristic. A voltage regulator is
an electrical regulator designed to
automatically maintain a constant
voltage level.
PIC Microcontroller
 PIC16F877A is a small piece of semiconductor
integrated circuits. The package type of this
integrated circuits is DIP package

 Additional components that you need to make this IC

work are just a 5V power supply adapter, a 20MHz
crystal oscillator and 2 units of 22pF capacitors.
Core Architecture:

The PIC architecture is distinctively minimalist. It

is characterized by the following features:
 Separate code and data spaces (Harvard
architecture)
 A small number of fixed length instructions
 Most instructions are single cycle execution
 A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as
source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded
in the opcode)
Core Architecture:

 All RAM locations function as registers as both source

and/or destination of math and other functions.
 A hardware stack for storing return addresses
 A fairly small amount of addressable data space
(typically 256 bytes), extended through banking
 Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral
registers
 The program counter is also mapped into the data
space and writable (this is used to implement indirect
jumps).
Data Space (RAM):
PICs have a set of registers that function as general purpose
RAM. Special purpose control registers for on-chip hardware
resources are also mapped into the data space.
Code space:
All PICs feature Harvard architecture, so the code space and the
data space are separate. PIC code space is generally
implemented as EPROM, ROM, or flash ROM.
Word Size:
The word size of PICs can be a source of confusion. All PICs
handle (and address) data in 8-bit chunks, so they should be
called 8-bit microcontrollers
Stacks:
 PICs have a hardware call stack,
which is used to save return
addresses. The hardware stack is not
software accessible on earlier
devices, but this changed with the 18
series devices.
Instruction Set
 The instruction set includes
instructions to perform a variety of
operations on registers directly, the
accumulator and a literal constant or
the accumulator and a register, as
well as for conditional execution, and
program branching.
 In general, PIC instructions fall into 5 classes:
 Operation on W with 8-bit immediate ("literal")
operand (movlw)(and lw).
 Operation with W and indexed register (addwf reg,w)
( addwf reg,f)
 Bit operations (set or clear a bit, and test and skip on
set/clear )
 Control transfers (goto and call )
 Zero Operand Instructions(return from subroutine,
and sleep to enter low-power mode)
Pin Diagram
 5 sets of input and output ports (total of 33
ports)
 Analog-digital converter of 10 bits of
resolution and 8 channels of entry
 Peripheral parallel and serial
communication (USART and MSSP)
 CPC Modules
 3 Timers (1 to 16 bits and 2 of 8 bits)
 Watchdog timer
Keypad:
 A KEYPAD is a set of buttons arranged in a block which
usually bear digits and other symbols but not a complete set of
alphabetical letters.


LCD Display
Interfacing a PIC with a LCD
Relay:
 A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing
through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which
attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil
current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and
they are double throw (changeover) switches.

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of

the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay
coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay
coil is on.
Choosing a Relay

Physical size and pin arrangement

Coil voltage

Coil resistance
MP Lab Compiler
MPLAB C Compiler is a cross-compiler that
runs on a PC and produces code that can
be executed by the Microchip PIC18XXXX
family of microcontrollers.
ATMEL ISP:
ATMEL Microcontroller can programming
with ISP(In-System Programming) which
easy to develop the applications without
insert/remove microcontroller.
Conclusion:

 Increasing worldwide power demands are

driving an increase in the number of power
lines and power-line substations. As more
and more automated monitoring- and fault-
detection systems are required, the trend
will be towards systems with a large
number of channels. With multiple ADCs on
each board, efficient use of board area and
power dissipation become critical as system
designers try to reduce cost while
increasing performance.