Automobile Engineering

Engine Parts
Piston and Piston Rings
Parts
OHV Engine Design

4-cylinder 8 valves OHV engine

OHC or SOHC Engine

                                      

4-cylinder 8 valves SOHC engine

DOHC or Twin cam engine

                                      

4-cylinder 16 valves DOHC engine

ME240/107S: Engine
Dissection

You are dissecting a 3.5

HP single cylinder, 4 cycle
engine, made by Briggs &
Stratton in Milwaukee, WI

These engines are

typically used in lawn
mowers, snow blowers,
go-carts, etc
Lecture 1

 Engine Terminology

 Engine Classifications

 Carburetors
Engine Terminology:
Stroke and Displacement
 Stroke
 amount of vertical travel of the piston from bottom
dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC)

 Displacement (D) TDC

 space displaced by the
piston during a stroke
BDC
D = (stroke)()(Bore) /4
2

Bore
Engine Terminology:
Compression Ratio
 Compression ratio (CR):
 ratio of total volume to the volume of the
combustion chamber
 spark ignition engines have CR = 7-12

CR = (C + D)/C

where C = volume of
combustion
chamber
D = displacement
Classification of Engines

 External vs. Internal Combustion

 Spark Ignition vs. Compression Ignition
 Cylinder Configuration
 Valve Location
 2 Stroke or 4 Stroke
Engine Classification:
External vs. Internal
Combustion
 External combustion
 combustion of an air-fuel mixture transfers
heat to a second fluid which becomes the
motive (working) fluid that produces power
 E.g., steam driven engine

 Internal combustion
 the products of combustion are the motive
fluid
Engine Classification:
Spark vs. Compression
Ignition
 Spark ignition (SI) engines
 a compressed, homogeneous air-fuel mixture (15:1
ratio of air to fuel by mass) is ignited using a spark

 Compression ignition (CI) engines

 rapid compression of air to a high pressure raises
the temperature so that fuel, when delivered into
combustion chamber, spontaneously ignites
without need for a spark
 often referred to as a Diesel engine
 Engine Classification:
Cylinder Configurations
In Line
(Automobile)

V
(Automobile)
Horizontally Opposed
(Subaru)

Opposed Piston
(crankshafts
geared together)
Radial (Aircraft)
Engine Classification:
Valve Location
 Most common: overhead-valve or I-head
Intake
valve

Exhaust
valve
Engine Classification:
2 Stroke

Compression Combustion Exhaust Scavenging

(ports closed) (ports closed) (intake port closed) and Intake
Air Taken Into (ports open)
Air compressed in crankcase
Crankcase
 Engine Classification: 4
Stroke
Intake Valve Exhaust Valve 4
1 2 Exhaust 3
Intake
Manifold Manifold

Spark
Cylinder Plug

Piston

Connecting
Crank
Rod
Crankcase

Power Stroke Exhaust Stroke

Intake Stroke
Intake valve opens,
admitting fuel and air.
Exhaust valve closed
for most of stroke
Compression Stroke
Both valves closed, Fuel-air mixture burns, Exhaust valve open,
increasing temperature
Fuel/air mixture is exhaust products are
and pressure, expansion displaced from cylinder.
compressed by rising
piston. Spark ignites of combustion gases Intake valve opens
drives piston down. Both
mixture near end of near end of stroke.
valves closed - exhaust
stroke.
valve opens near end
of stroke
Briggs Engine - Intake
Compression
Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Carburetors
 Purpose of the carburetor is to produce a
mixture of fuel and air on which the engine can
operate

 Must produce economical fuel consumption and

smooth engine operation over a wide range of
speeds

 Requires complicated device rather than a

simple mixing valve; price is very important!
Venturi (nozzle)
 Use force of atmospheric
pressure and artificially
created low pressure area
to mix fuel and air

 Use a venturi nozzle to

lower air pressure in
carburetor to create
Venturi (nozzle)
suction to “pull” fuel into air

Bernoulli Principle: P+1/2 V2 = Constant

 Venturi-type Carburetor
Air/Fuel Mixture To Engine

Throttle Plate

Atomized Fuel

Fuel Inlet Valve Stem

Float Venturi Choke Plate

Bowl

Constant level is
maintained in bowl Fuel Inlet Air
-as float moves Nozzle
down,
valve stem moves
Metering Orifice
down, allowing more
fuel into bowl, float
moves up and closes
Ref. Obert
valve
Flo-Jet Carburetor
 Fuel tank is above
carburetor

 Fuel is fed directly to

carburetor by gravity

 Why the vent?

Flo-Jet Carburetor
Air-fuel
mixture

Fuel from tank

Air flow
Pulsa-Jet Carburetor
 Incorporates a diaphragm type fuel pump
and a constant level fuel chamber
Pulsa-Jet Carburetor
Operation
 Intake stroke of piston creates
a vacuum in carburetor elbow

 Pulls cap A and pump

diaphragm B inward and
compresses spring

 Vacuum thus created on

“cover side” of diaphragm
pulls fuel up suction pipe S
into intake valve D
Pulsa-Jet Carburetor
Operation
 When engine intake stroke
is complete, spring C
pushes plunger A outward

 Gasoline in pocket above

diaphragm to close inlet
valve D and open
discharge valve E

 Fuel is then pumped into

fuel cup F
Pulsa-Jet Carburetor
Operation
 Venturi in carburetor is
connected to intake pipe I
which draws gasoline from
fuel cup F

 Process is repeated on the

next stroke, keeping the fuel
cup full

 Since fuel cup level is

constant, engine gets
constant air-fuel ratio
Parts of
an IC
Engine

Name as many
parts as you can

Name: ________________

CROSS SECTION OF OVERHEAD VALVE FOUR CYCLE SI ENGINE