TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 9e :

Water
Treatment
Process :
Disinfection
CHAPTER 3:
Environmental Microbiology

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
 Menu

1) Introduction
2) mg/L Unit
3) meq/L unit
4) Hardness & Alkalinity
Measurement Unit

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Introduction
- “Treatment of water with chemicals to kill bacteria”

- Two(2) objectives :

i) Primary disinfection : Kill any pathogen in water

ii) Seconday (residual) disinfection : Prevent pathogen re growth in

the water.

- Method use :

i. Should be harmless and unobjectionable to the consumer

ii. Should be able to retain a residual disinfecting effect for a long

period

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Properties
1) Destroy bacteria / pathogens within a practicable
period of time, over an expected range of water
temperature.

2) Effective at variable compositions, concentration and

conditions of water treated.

3) Neither toxic to humans and domestic animals nor

unpalatable or otherwise objectional in required
concentration.

4) Not change water properties

5) Have residual in a sufficient concentration to provide

protection against recontamination

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Properties – Con’d

6) Can be determined easily, quickly, and preferably

automatically.

7) Dispensable at reasonable cost

8) Safe and easy to store, transport, handle and supply

9) Persist within disinfected water in a sufficient

concentration to provide reasonable residual
protection against its possible recontamination before
use.

10) Not form toxic by-products due to their reactions with

any naturally occuring materials in water.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Methods

HEAT CHLORINATION

METHODS

ULTRAVIOLET
OZONATION RADIATION

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Disinfection - Chlorination
- Free chlorine disinfection

- Effective and the most common application

- Available in granular, powdered, liquid or gases form

- Developed by using chlorine gas (Cl2), sodium

hypochlorite (NaOCl) or calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2).

- Reacts in water to produce dissolved chlorine gas

(Cl2(aq)), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite (OCl-).

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Water Reaction
H 2O + Cl2 HCl + HOCl- + Cl-

HOCl H+ + OCl- (pH > 8)

H+ + OCl- HOCl (pH < 7)

• HOCl = hypochlorous acid

• OCl- = hypochlorite ion

• HOCl is more effective than OCl-

• Chlorine gas will be injected for water pH less than 3.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Chlorination – Advantage
- Provide chlorine residual for secondary disinfection.

- Chlorine residue must be maintained in the treated water

to the end user. This secondary disinfection functioned to
control pathogen distribution during water distribution.

- Increase lifetime of chlorine residual by adding ammonia

to treated water.

- Ammonia reacts with free chlorine to form chloramines

(NH2Cl, NHCl2 and NCl3) which are termed combined
chlorine.

- Chloramines less effective as oxidants than HOCl, seldom

used as primary disinfectant. However, more persistent
Izanthan
Jaafar,free chlorine
Engineering and
Science, maintain
FST, UMT secondary disinfectant.
 Ammonia Reaction

HOCl + NH3 H2O + NH2Cl (monochloramine)

HOCl + NH2Cl H2O + NHCl2 (dichloramine)

HOCl + NHCl2 H2O + NCl3 (trichloramine)

• NH2Cl = monochloramine

• NHCl2 = dichloramine

• NCl3 = trichloramine

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Ammonia Reaction – Con’d

The proportion of chloramines depends on :

1. pH

2. Temperature

3. Time

4. Initial chlorine to ammonia ratio

* Combined chlorine : Combination of chlorine with ammonia

nitrogen or organic nitrogen compounds. Combined chlorine
is less reactive.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Chlorination – Disadvantage
1) Effectiveness is less with protozoan cysts, mostly etc.
Giardia lamblia and Crytosporidium and virus.

2) Formation of halogenated disinfectant byproducts

(DBPs). Includes trihalomethanes (THMs) such as
carcinogen, chloroform (CHCl3) and haloacetic acids
(HAAs).

- THMs and HAAs created when free chlorine

combines with natural organic substances that may
still be present in the water.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Chlorine Effectiveness - Factors
1. Dosage – Sufficient high concentration to inactive
pathogen

2. Contact time – Physical contact with pathogen for

sufficient time to achieve inactivation.

3. Turbidity – Present particles (turbidity) hides pathogen

from the disinfectant.

4. Other reactive species – Consume disinfectant, reduce

concentration available for inactivation.

5. pH – Most effective at pH values less than 7.5.

6. Water temperature – Disinfection increases, however

chlorine become less stable.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Chlorination - Calculation

1) Disinfectant, kg = Chlorine dosage, kg

% Available Chlorine

2) Dosage of chlorine, kg = Flow, L x Chlorine concentration, mg/L

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Disinfection - Ozone
- Sweet smelling, unstable gas

- Form of oxygen in which three atoms of oxygen combined to

form the molecule O3. Air in generating equipment contain up
to 13% ozone.

- Most powerful disinfectant

- More effective against cysts and viruses than free chlorine.

- Leaving no taste or odor problems.

- Faster contact time

- No residual remain

- Unaffected by the pH or the ammonia content of the water

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

- High cost – Construction, Operation and Maintenance
Disinfection - UV
-Much higher energy level than visible light

-Potential to inactivate pathogens.

-Employed by submerged UV lamps into the water to be

treated.

- Multiple lamps used to provide greater coverage.

- Ability of UV lights to pass through the water to get the

target organism. Energy is absorbed by genetic material in
the microorganism, interfering with their ability to reproduce
and survive.

- Performs well against both bacteria and viruses.

- Leaves no residual protection for distribution system.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
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 THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT