MEDIEVAL PERIOD

1.JUDEO-CHRISTIAN IDEOLOGIES
Historical Context of Origin and Development
To about 1700 BC Judaism existed before Greek philosophers
Christianity was a social movement in Judaism
Jesus wanted to reform Judaism not replace it and did not mention himself
as the founder of Christianity
Christianity was rejected by Jews and Romans
Paul a disciple of Jesus spreads Christianity ,Christianity becomes the
official
religion later.
After the fall of Western Roman Empire Europe was divided into regional
powers
The pope was had religious and political authority
Social Context
Monarchies
Feudalism an important feature
Feudal lords were powerful, they controlled the churches and gave them
lands
Perception of people and Social Problems
Adam and Eve committed Original Sin
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
GOD sent his son Jesus to wash away our sins
One GOD and 3 persons Holy Trinity) Father, son and the Holy Ghost/spirit

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

JUDAISM-Hebrew Bible-Old Testament for Christians

TORAH(GODS revelation to MOSES)
-One GOD worship him alone
-Coming of Messiah
-Ten Commandments
-Rewards and punishment according to ones deeds
-Christianity retained the importance of the Hebrew Bible
-Jesus used the ten commandments for moral and ethical teachings
-Love of GOD and love of neighbours and enemies
-GOD made the church, administered by priests
-Priests Responsibility to offer Seven sacraments is very important
-JUDAISM and CHRISTIANITY gave greatest importance to CHARITY

Implications for social change

Judeo-Christian development of western culture
Power of Pope (divine and final) in matters of political and social
Conflict between European rulers and the Pope
MEDIEVAL PERIOD

2.SECULAR HUMANISIM -Revival of Importance of Human

Beings
Historical Context of Origin and Development
12th & 13th centuries Trade increased - barter economy to money
economy
Traders and merchants supported the kings
Feudal lords declined
Social Context
New class provided services (managers and clerks)
Rise of middle class
Foundation of Renaissance (began in Italy 1300 and spread all over
Western Europe)
Emphasis on science and humanism
Perception of people and Social Problems

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Scholars and Artists rediscover ancient humanistic works

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Secular Humanism liberated humanity from

religion
Question the church regarding social life
Replaced religion
Moral obligations are to be discharged
voluntarily by every person
Man is a part of nature
Implications
Ethical basis for civil society in the modern era
Let to secularism in politics which lead to
separation of religion from politics
MEDIEVAL PERIOD

3. Protestantism

Promotion of individualism and work

ethics

Historical Context of Origin and Development

Influence of Renaissance and unscientific attitude of the
catholic church was challenged
16th century corruption in catholic church sparked a religious
movement called reformation
It lead to several protestant groups new churches came

Social Context
Martin Luther A leading reformer work his service to GOD
People who do not work are sinners
Favoured the development of a rational bourgeois life

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Protestants rejected authority of Roman catholic church
Protestants turn to the bible as authority Bible translated to
english
Stressed faith in GOD

Implications

Pursuit of wealth, stripped of its religious and ethical meaning

MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Profit motive

1.Rationalism

MODERN PERIOD

Historical Context of Origin

Philosophic outlook that arose in the 1600s,
Age of reason or enlightenment for humankind,
opposed to superstitious and ignorant Dark Ages
IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE
Shift away from religious sensibilities to scientific objectivity
Reasoning replaced religion as the source of knowledge
The 17th century philosophers in Europe emphasized
division between mind and matter
Philosophers focused the mind and left the inquiry about
matter to science. Values were separated from facts.
Implications
19th century closed, modern science was firmly embedded
Scientific humanism rejects every method of inquiry other
than scientific
Western science had assumed a God-like supremacy which
was to endure throughout most of the 20th century

2. Welfarism

MODERN PERIOD

Historical Context of Origin and Development

England was leading among the Protestant countries
Begging and alms-giving were outlawed except for the worthy poor.
The Henrican Poor Law acknowledged that the state rather than the
church or volunteers must play some role in caring for the poor.
Scientists criticized that direct and religious charity was
indiscriminate and not scientific.
England enacted the Elizabethan Poor Law in 1601
Perception of People and Social Problems
The Elizabethan Poor Law provided for helpless people whose needs
were large and likely to be prolonged orphans, the handicapped, the
chronically ill and the feeble aged
Perceived as sources of political trouble, failures of the system
Those who did not work were accused of sinfulness or immorality
INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Elizabethan Poor Law said that it is the duty of the parish to help the
poor
Able bodied poor forced to work in work houses minimum care was
provided
Population increased more than food supplies
Malthus a liberal economist said that charity would make people lazy
1834- New Poor Law-Government not responsible for employment
1930s Great Depression-Social Welfare Programmes throughout the
world

3.Liberalism and Democracy

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Historical Context of Origin and Development

Science replaced religion and ideology
Individual initiative and control
Production process from agriculture to Industrial
Peoples rule emerged, it limited the kings powers
A new social class emerged-bankers, traders,
manufacturers
Socio-political changes bourgeois revolution
American and French revolution
Racial Hatred Nazi ruled Germany
Colonies in the world
IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Adam Smith a classical economist said that supply

and demand will regulate not only prices of goods but
also the incomes of those who produce the goods
Government should not interfere in trade and provide
social benefits for heavy losers in the form of welfare

4.Utilitarianism and Social Darwinism

Historical Context of Origin and Development

MODERN PERIOD

Liberalist ideology and Industrial revolution made

European nationalism aggressive promoting international
trade and colonization in Asia and Africa
Machines made more goods
Raw materials came from colonies
IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE
Adam Smith a classical economist said that supply and
demand will regulate not only prices of goods but also the
incomes of those who produce the goods
Government should not interfere in trade and provide social
benefits for heavy losers in the form of welfare
Survival of the fittest SOCIAL DARWINISM profitable people
survive , Worthy and Non-worthy
Kinship system changed-Monogamy by Polygamy
IMPLICATIONS
Individualism became essential for the economic growth
Pleasure the ultimate right of every person
USA-Equal opportunity for all
Racism against ethnic groups

5.Socialism

Historical Context of Origin and Development

MODERN PERIOD

Plato had told that that the ruling class own everything in
common
During the French revolution the ideology emerged
Common ownership of economic resources by the direct
producers or the workers
Perception of People and Social Problems
Karl Marx father of socialism
Inequality of classes
Newer modes of production facilitated conflict between classes
IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

People questioned the capitalistic society

Workers all over the world unite
Private property was abolished
Class struggle
Birth of Trade Unions and Labour Unions
Karl Marxs writings made an impact all over the world
Socialists founded new parties called communist parties
Rise of Communist countries,Russia,China
INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Marxist ideologies contributed to: Industrialization, price

stability, women's labour forces, full employment,
advance of science and technology, improved eductaion,
health and welfare systems, child care facilities

6.Human Rights

MODERN PERIOD

Historical Context of Origin and Development

Increased enmity among European nations led to World War-I

in 1914 after the war the economy of the winner and looser
collapse
US remained a rich country because of its trade
European countries borrowed from US
European industries came to a standstill
Rise of military dictatorship-Italy, Germany, Spain
Aggressive and expansionist policies led to World War-II
More economic losses compelled them to end colonization
This time too US emerged as a super power
After the war in 1945 the united nations was set up
United nations main aim was to prevent war in future
It gave the hope for global peace
Perception of People and Social Problems
UN report states that the denial of human rights is not only
an individual and personal tragedy but also creates
conditions of social and political unrest, sowing the seeds of
violence and the conflict within and between societies and
nations

IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Judeo-Christian ideology influences the western idea of
revolutions and human rights
Human rights are those rights that are inherent in pure
nature and without which, we cannot live as human
beings
Declaration of Human Rights
All international communities must abide by it
194830 articles-drew together ideas shared by many
political, cultural, and religious traditions to set out the
treatment that everyone in the world would accept as a
member of the human family
1966-Covenants (agreements)
International covenant on
Economic,social,cultural,civil,political rights
Liberal ideology is born. freedom from
torture,slavery,forced labour,freedom of
movement,thought,opinion,conscience,religion..
INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Individualistic
Liberal humanism

MODERN PERIOD