Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
At the end of this topic you should be able to:
Describe how a transformer works and
important transformer ratings.
list
Objectives
At the end of this topic you should be able to:
Explain the effect of a capacitor filter on the
operation of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers.
List the characteristics of a light-emitting diode
(LED).
List the forward- and reverse-bias characteristics
of a zener diode.
Calculate the voltage and current values in a
loaded zener voltage regulator.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
The purpose of the transformer is to transfer
power from the primary, where the generator is
connected, to the secondary, where the induced
secondary voltage can produce current in the
load resistance that is connected across LS.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Although the primary and secondary are not
physically connected to each other, power in the
primary is coupled into the secondary by the
magnetic field linking the two windings.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
The transformer is used to provide power for the
load resistance RL, instead of connecting RL
directly across the generator, whenever the load
requires an ac voltage higher or lower than the
generator voltage.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
By having more or fewer turns in LS, compared
with LP, the transformer can step up or step down
the generator voltage to provide the required
amount of secondary voltage.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Typical transformers are shown below.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
to
iron-core
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
To calculate the peak secondary voltage, we
proceed as shown:
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
In this example, the total secondary power is 132W, equal to 72-W for P1 and 60-W for P2.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
have
an
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER
The R of the primary winding is generally about 10 or less for power transformers.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
The
total
secondary
voltage
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
When
the
primary
windings are in parallel,
the total primary current IP
is divided evenly between
the windings.
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
THE TRANSFORMER: RATINGS
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
The simplest of networks to examine with a timevarying signal appears in Fig. 2.43.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
RECTIFICATION
The input vi and the
output
vo
were
sketched together in
Fig.
2.46
for
comparison purposes.
The output signal vo
now
has
a
net
positive area above
the axis over a full
period
and
an
average
value
determined by
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
The process of removing one-half the input signal
to establish a dc level is aptly called half-wave
rectification.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
The applied signal must now be at least 0.7 V
before the diode can turn on.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
When conducting, the difference between vo and vi
is 0.7V and vo = vi - VT, as shown in the figure.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
For situations where Vm >> VT, the equation below
can be applied to determine the average value
with a relatively high level of accuracy.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
Example 1:
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
Example 1:
Solution
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
Example 1:
Solution
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
RECTIFICATION
Example 1:
Solution
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
HALF-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE
The Peak Inverse Voltage can be determined by the
equation:
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
The dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can
be improved 100% using a process called full-wave
rectification.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
During the period t = 0 to T/2 the polarity of the
input is as illustrated.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
The net result is the configuration as shown, with
its indicated current and polarity across R.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
For the negative region of the input the conducting
diodes are D1 and D4, resulting in the configuration
shown.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
The important result is that the polarity across the
load resistor R is the same and establishing a
second positive pulse, as shown.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
Over one full cycle the input and output voltages
will appear as shown.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
Since the area above the axis for one full cycle is
now twice that obtained for a half-wave system,
the dc level has also been doubled, then
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
If silicon rather than ideal diodes are employed as,
an application of Kirchhoffs voltage law around
the conduction path would result in;
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
The peak value of the output voltage vo is
therefore;
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
For situations where Vm >> 2VT, the following
equation can be applied for the average value with
a relatively high level of accuracy.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
BRIDGE NETWORK
Then again, if Vm is sufficiently greater than 2VT,
then the as a first approximation for Vdc is often
applied.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE
The required PIV of each diode (ideal) can be
determined from the illustration obtained at the
peak of the positive region of the input signal.
+
PIV
Vm
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER
A second popular full-wave rectifier appears below
with only two diodes but requiring a center-tapped
(CT) transformer to establish the input signal
across each section of the secondary of the
transformer.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER
During the positive portion of vi applied to the
primary of the transformer, the network will
appear as shown in Fig. 2.60. D1 assumes the
short-circuit equivalent and D2 the open-circuit
equivalent, as determined by the secondary
voltages and the resulting current directions.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER
During the negative portion of the input the
network appears as shown, reversing the roles of
the diodes but maintaining the same polarity for
the voltage across the load resistor R.
Diode Circuits
SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS;
FULL-WAVE
RECTIFICATION
PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE
The net PIV for each diode for this full-wave
rectifier is the maximum voltage for the secondary
voltage and Vm as established by the adjoining loop
will result in
+
-
Diode Circuits
Vi
Vo
8V
-32
32