Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engr.
Engr.Jayson
JaysonP.P.Rogelio,
Rogelio,
MS
MSECE
ECE
Topics
Negative and Positive Polarities
Electrons and Protons
Structure of the Atom
The Volt & Coulomb Unit
Topics
Electrical Current
Closed Circuit
Direction of Current
DC and AC
OBJECTIVES
To distinguish the positive and negative polarities
for the voltage output of a typical battery
To illustrate the basic structure of atom
To define the unit of electric charge and potential
difference
To analyze the charge in motion
To describe what happens during closed circuit
To enumerate the different sources of electricity
INTRODUCTION
Electricity is an invisible force that can produce
heat, light, and motion.
Electric Charge is the basic form for a quantity
of electricity
Ampere practical unit of current
Volt indicates the potential difference between
charges of two opposing polarities
Circuit closed path of the movement of charges
+
SYMBOL
ELEMENTS
Element- a substance that cannot be
decomposed any further by chemical
action.
Atom- smallest particle of an element that
still has the same characteristics as the
element.
ATOM
PRESENCE OF ELECTRICITY
paper
Electrically neutral
Neutral condition means that opposing forces
are exactly balanced, w/o any net effect either
way.
battery
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the charge of an electron positive or
negative?
2. Is the charge of a proton positive or
negative?
3. Is it true or false that the neutral
condition means equal positive and
negative charges?
Negative charges
Electrons
Negative ions
Proton
Electron
The nucleus is made up of a single proton.
Only hydrogen has no neutrons (neutral
particles) in its nucleus.
ATOMIC NUMBER
The atomic number of an element is the
number of protons in the nucleus of its
atom.
The number of electrons in orbit around
the nucleus of a neutral atom is equal to
the number of protons in the nucleus.
ORBITAL RINGS
K=2
(complete)
L= 8
(complete)
K
L
M = 18
(complete)
M
N
N=8
(complete)
K
L
M = 18
(complete)
M
N
N = 1 of 8 possible
(incomplete)
VALENCE
The valence of an element is the
number of electrons in the
outermost orbit.
ELECTRICAL CHARGES
Charges of the same polarity tend to
repel one another.
Charges of opposite polarity tend to
attract one another.
Electrons tend to move toward protons
because electrons have far less mass
than protons.
Electric lines of force indicate the direction in which a positive test charge
would move if it were placed in an electric field.
Charge in Motion
When the potential difference between to
charges forces a third charge to move, the
charge in motion is an electrical current.
When a potential difference is connected across
two end of a conductor (copper wire), the
applied voltage forces the free electrons to move
producing current flow.
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
An electric circuit is a path for electron flow.
Potential difference must be applied to a
circuit to produce electron current flow.
Electrons flow through an external circuit
from negative to positive.
DC
time
AC
time
A Closed Circuit
(current is flowing)
The purpose of the
resistor is to limit
current (flow) or to
generate heat.
An Open Circuit
(no current is flowing)
SUMMARY
1. Electricity is present in all matter in the form of electrons
protons.
&
SUMMARY
6. The number of electrons in the outermost orbit is the valence of
the element.
7. Types of negative charges include electrons and negative ions.
Types of positive charges includes protons, positive ions, and
hole charges
8. An electric circuit is a closed path for electron flow.
9. Direct current has just one direction, as the dc voltage source has
a fixed polarity. Alternating current periodically reverses in
direction as the ac voltage source reverses its polarity.