DEHALOGENATION

WHAT IS DEHALOGENATION

REVERSE OF HALOGENATION
REMOVAL OF A HALOGEN FROM A MOLECULE (IN THIS CASE : WASTE TREATMEN

WHY HALOGEN COMPOUNDS NEED TO BE

REMOVED?
It emits highly toxic fumes upon heated
It produces toxic and corrosive fumes when react
with water or steam

HALOGENS
HALOGEN GROUP?

TOPUP RM5
FLUORINE

CHLORINE

ASTETINE

IODINE

BROMINE

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF

DEHALOGENATION PROCESS IN WASTE
TREATMENT:

GLYCOLATE DEHALOGENATION
BASE-CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION

GLYCOLATE DEHALOGENATION
Use of chemical reagent called

APEG

A stands for ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDE

SODIUM HYDROXIDE
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

PEG for POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL

POTASSIUM ETHYLENE GLYCOLATE is the

most common APEG reagent

GLYCOLATE DEHALOGENATION
The idea is to convert the halogen to
form a non-toxic salt by react with
alkali metal hydroxide
And then PEG takes the location in the
PCB molecule formerly occupied by the
halogen making it less hazardous

The process consists of five steps :

Step 5:
3: DEWATERING
SEPARATION
1: REACTION
PREPARATION
Step 2:
APEG4:
Water
reagent
isWASHING
separated
is separated
from soilfrom the soil and
Contaminated
waste
(soil,
example)
isabsorb
The
contaminated
soils
andfor
the
APEG reagent
Water
collected
from
reactor
is
added
to
recycled
Water
is treated
for future
to use
remove
in the
contaminants
system.
before
evacuated
and
sifted
to
remove
debris
and
large
are blended
in reagent
a large reactor,
mixed
and heated
residual
APEG
from
the
soil
The treated
discharge
tosoil
a municipal
is now less
water
toxictreatment system
objects
for
four hours

BASE-CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION
The
The
Contaminated
The dehalogenation
soil
mixture
left
behind
is soil
heated
is
isreaction
evacuated
removed
in aincinerated
reactor.
occurs
from
andwhen
the
screened
reactor
to
The
liquid
mixture
can
be
or treated
contaminated
gases
condensed into
liquid
sodium
and
remove
The
can
heat
hydroxide
debris
be
separates
returned
and(alarge
the
base)
toand
the
halogenated
particles,
is
site
mixedthen
with
compounds
crushed
the
by
other
recycled.
form
thentechnologies
pass into a liquid-phase
reactor
condensed
and
frommixed
the soil
contaminants
with
by sodium
evaporation
bicarbonate
and heated in the
reactor

REDUCTION
OF
HEXAVALENT
CHROMIUM

T THE END OF THE PRESENTATION,

YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND :

WHAT IS CHROMIUM
HOW HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IS FORME
WHERE THIS SUBSTANCE CAN BE FOUND
WHY HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IS
DANGEROUS
HOW TO REDUCE THE HEXAVALENT
CHROMIUM

INTRODUCTION TO CHROMIUM
Atomic number 24
A hard silver metal used in stainless steel and other alloys

TRIVALENT FORM
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT FOR HUMANS
NON-TOXIC

HEXAVALENT FORM
- FOUND IN STEEL, CHEMICAL, LEATHER AND
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING
- WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION
- DANGER TO HUMAN HEALTH
ALTER GENETIC MATERIAL
CARCINOGENIC
ORGAN DAMAGE
FATAL

INTRODUCTION TO CHROMIUM
HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM

Can be in:

MISTS molten metal

DUSTS grinding or
cutting
FUMES torch cutting
and welding operations

WHERE HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM / Cr (IV)

CAN BE FOUND?

DYES AND PIGMENTS

WELDING FUMES

METAL COATING & PROTECTIVE PAINT

Methods to detect Cr (III) and

Cr(VI)
ATOMIC
ABSORPTION
(AA)
SPECTOMETRY

ION EXCHANGE
CHROMATOGRAPH
Y

HEALTH EFFECTS
INGESTION HAZARDS
- Erosive to stomach
EYES
- Permanent eye damage when direct contact with
chromic acid or chromate dusts
RESPIRATORY TRACT
- Hexavalent chromium can irritate nose, throat
and lungs
- Ulcers in nasal
SKIN
- Dermatitis and skin ulcers
- Worker that sensitive to chromium will cause
serious skin rash even in small amount

CANCER and FATAL

HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM WASTE

TREATMENT

There are 2-stages of treatment:

STAGE 1 Reduce Chromium (VI) to Chromium (I
STAGE 2 - Neutralization

FIRST STAGE

Reduce chromium (VI) to chromium (III)

Using reducing agents:
Sulfur dioxide,
Sodium bisulphate,
Or sodium-meta-bisulfite

Acid : Sulphuric
acid

SECOND STAGE
(Neutralization)

Adding Calcium
hydroxide (lime) to the
wastewater
Increase and maintain
pH of 8.0 or higher
For the precipitation of
chromium hydroxide to
occur.

Then, the precipitate

can be easily
separated
(flocculation,
coagulation and
sedimentation) and
then dispose

Collected as
sludge

Main disadvantages of this

treatment method are:
Need to reduce wastewater pH between 2
and 3 to assure rapid and complete
reduction.
The acidic wastewater need to be
neutralized before discharge.
These steps consume large amount of
chemicals and tend to increase the
volume of sludge with unreacted
precipitants.

END OF TOPIC