Class Notes - Am & FM Transmitters

LECTURE ON AM/FM TRANSMITTER
Subject: Communication Systems-I

Class: 4th, ECE
PRESENTED BY
DIMPLE BADHWAR
LECTURER, GPC BATHINDA.
Mobile No.: 9855505814
Punjab Edusat Society
Block diagram of communication

system
TRANSMITTER
Information or
Message
Transducer
Transmitter
Information
in Electrical form
Communication
Channel or
Medium
It takes the information to be communicated in

electrical form and convert it into an electronic
signal
compatible
with
the
communication
medium .
TRANSMITTER
In
this block diagram of communication

system, the upper section is called the
transmitting section.
TRANSMITTER
The main parts of transmitter are explained

as follows :
Microphone : It converts sounds into
electrical signals in wires. It is the opposite
of a loudspeaker.
Modulator : The audio signal is modulated
into the radio frequency carrier in this
modulator stage.
TRANSMITTER
Frequency generator : The frequency

generation stage will decide the frequency
on which the transmitter will operate.
RF power amplifier : The power
amplification of the radio signal is carried
out in the final stage. It makes the signal
stronger so that it can be transmitted
through the channel over long distances.
TRANSMITTER
An
antenna is a transducer which

converts electrical signals into
electromagnetic waves.
BASIC BLOCKS OF TRANSMITTER

Modulator
RF
oscillator
Power
amplifier
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF TRANSMITTER
Modulation
Carrier generation
Amplification (Power)
It is an electronic unit which accepts the
information
signal
to
be
transmitted
and
converts it into an RF signal capable of being

transmitted over long distancesPunjab
. Edusat Society
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF TRANSMITTER

Every transmitter has three basic functions as
follows:
The
transmitter must generate a signal of correct

frequency at a desired point in the spectrum.
Secondly
it must provide some

modulation to modulate the carrier.
form
Third
of
it must provide sufficient power

amplification in order to carry the modulated
CLASSIFICATION OF RADIO
TRANSMITTERS
1.
According to the type of modulation used.
2.
According to service involved.
3.
According to the frequency range involved.
4.
According to the power used.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
TRANSMITTED FREQUENCY
Low
frequency (LF) transmitters (30 KHZ300KHZ)
Medium
frequency (MF) transmitters ( 300 KHZ-
3 MHZ)
High
frequency (HF) transmitters (3 MHZ30MHZ)

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
TRANSMITTED FREQUENCY
Very
high frequency (VHF) transmitters

(30MHZ-300 MHZ)
Ultra
high frequency (UHF) transmitters

(300 MHZ- 3GHZ)
Microwave
transmitters (>3GHZ)
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE

OF SERVICE INVOLVED
Radio
broadcast transmitters.
Radio
telephony transmitters.
Radio
telegraph transmitters.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE

OF SERVICE INVOLVED
Television
Radar
transmitters.
transmitters.
Navigational
transmitters.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPES

OF MODULATION
CW
Transmitters
AM
Transmitters
FM
Transmitters
SSB
Transmitters
CONTINIOUS WAVE (CW)

TRANSMITTERS
The
CW Transmitter is the simplest type of

transmitter.
It
is a simple crystal oscillator circuit.
This
oscillator generates a carrier signal of the

desired frequency.

TRANSMITTERS
Information
to be transmitted is expressed in a
special form of code using dots and dashes to
represent letters of the alphabet and numbers.
The
information transmitted in this way is called

as continuous wave (CW) transmission.

TRANSMITTERS
The
key is a simple hand operated switch

connected in emitter of the transistor.
By
closing the key we can turn on the crystal

oscillator on and by opening the key the
oscillator is turned off.

TRANSMITTERS
When the key is closed, the oscillator produces

a sinusoidal signal at a frequency equal to the
crystal frequency, whereas with the key open,
the output of oscillator is zero.
The key is opened and closed in order to

produce zero output and dots or dashes.

TRANSMITTERS
Dots
correspond to the short duration output

whereas a dash corresponds to a long
duration output.
The
required messages can be transmitted

using different combinations of dots and
dashes for different alphabets and letters.
ADVANTAGES OF CW TRANSMITTER
Simple
to construct
Compact
Can
and portable
be operated on batteries
DISADVANTAGES
A
skilled operator is required to convert the
message to be sent into a coded form of dots

and dashes.
Long
distance communication is not possible.
Voice
or picture can not be sent.

AM TRANSMITTER
Amplitude modulation technique is used in AM
transmitters, here the amplitude of carrier is varied
in proportion with the amplitude of the modulating
signal, keeping its frequency and phase constant.
Used in radio & TV broadcasting.
AM TRANSMITTER
In
AM Transmitter, AM signal is transmitted

by a transmitter. The information is contained
in its amplitude variation.
TYPES OF AM TRANSMITTERS
Low Level modulation transmitters.
High Level modulation transmitters.
LOW LEVEL MODULATION

TRANSMITTERS
Signal
Source
(Modulating
Signal)
Low Level
Modulator
Power
Amplifier
(Linear)
RF Carrier
Oscillator
The generation of AM wave takes place at a low power

level.
The generated AM signal is then amplified using a chain

of linear amplifier ( A , AB or B).
LOW LEVEL MODULATION TRANSMITTERS

Antenna
STABILISED
RF
OSCILLATOR
AF
modulating
signal
Class A
Buffer
amplifier
Audio
processing &
filtering
Modulator
Linear
Amplifiers
Power
Amplifiers
Class A AF
amplifier

TRANSMITTERS
The
RF oscillator produces the carrier signal.

The RF oscillator is stabilized in order to
maintain the frequency deviation within the
prescribed limit. The carrier frequency is
equal to the transmitter frequency.
Usually the transmitter operates on assigned
frequencies or channels. Crystal provides the
best way to obtain the described frequency
with good stability.

TRANSMITTERS
We
cannot use the LC oscillator because

they have low frequency stability.
The
carrier signal from the crystal oscillator is

applied to the modulator with a modulating
signal. At the output of the modulator we get
the AM wave.

TRANSMITTERS
The
modulating signal is obtained from a

source such as a microphone and applied to
a buffer processing unit.
The
buffer is a class A amplifier which

isolates the AF source from the rest of high
power circuit and amplifies it to an adequate
level.

TRANSMITTERS
The
amplified modulating signal is applied to

the modulator along with the carrier. At the
output of the modulator we get the AM wave.
The
AM signal is then amplified using a chain

of linear amplifier to raise the power level.

TRANSMITTERS
The
linear amplifier can be class A, AB or B

type amplifiers. The linear amplifier are used
in order to avoid the wave form distortion in
AM wave.
The
amplitude modulated signal is then

transmitted using transmitted antenna.

TRANSMITTERS
The
transistorized modulator circuits can be

used for low level modulator due to the low
power which is to be handled.
The
low level transmitter does not require a

large AF modulator power so its design is
simplified.

TRANSMITTERS
Overall
efficiency is much lower compared to

high level modulation . This reduce to the use
of less efficient linear amplifiers.
AUDIO PROCESSING
The
AF modulating signal is passed

through an audio processing unit before
applying it to the modulator.
This block carries out some form of
speech processing in the form of filtering
and amplitude control.
The weak signals amplified automatically
with a higher gain and strong signals are
amplified with smaller gain. This will bring
all the signals to a sufficient level.Punjab Edusat Society
HIGH LEVEL MODULATION

TRANSMITTERS
Signal
Source
(Modulating
Signal)
Wide Band
Power
Amplifier
High Level
Modulator
RF Carrier
Oscillator
Narrow Band
Power Amplifier
The generation of AM wave takes place at high power

levels.

TRANSMITTERS
Highly
efficient class C amplifier are used in

high level modulation.
Efficiency
is more than low level modulation.
HIGH LEVEL MODULATION TRANSMITTERS
Antenna
Stabilized RF
crystal
oscillator
Class A RF
amplifier
AF
modulating
signal
Audio
processing &
filtering
Class C RF
power
amplifier
High Level
Modulator
Class A AF
amplifier
Class B AF
power
amplifier

TRANSMITTERS
Many
of the AM transmitters use the high level

modulation technique.
The
crystal oscillator produces the required

carrier signal. The class A amplifier following the
oscillator acts as a buffer which isolates the
oscillator from the high power circuit.

TRANSMITTERS
The
output of this class A amplifier is applied

to a class C power amplifier. It raises the
power level of the carrier to an intermediately
high value.
The AF modulating signal is applied to the
audio processing unit which processes this
signal as discussed in the previous section.
COMPARISION BETWEEN LOW-LEVEL

AND HIGH-LEVEL MODULATION
1.
2.
Power level :
Modulation is carried
out at low power level.
Amplifier stages:
Need lesser amplifier
stages.
Modulation is carried
out at high power
level.
Need more amplifier

stages.

3.
4.
Power efficiency :
After modulation linear
amplifiers can only be
used. This gives lower
power efficiency.
Power losses :
Power losses in
amplifiers is higher, the
cooling problem is
severe.
Non linear amplifiers

can also be used. This
leads to higher power
efficiency.
Power losses is less,

the cooling problem is
not severe.

:
5.
Applications
Used as higher power

broadcast transmitters.
Used in TV
transmitters.
FM TRANSMITTERS
Frequency
modulation technique is used.
In
FM frequency of the carrier is varied in

proportion with the amplitude of the modulating
signal keeping its amplitude constant.
FM TRANSMITTERS
Used
in radio, TV sound broadcasting &

police wireless transmission.
In
FM transmitter the FM signal is transmitted

by a transmitter. The information is contained
in its frequency variation.
FM TRANSMITTERS
The
FCC has assigned a band of 20 MHz to
the commercial FM broad cast service.
This
band extends from 88 MHz to 108 MHz.
FM TRANSMITTERS
This
20 MHz band is divided in 100 channels,
each having a bandwidth of 200 KHz.
For
providing high quality reliable music the
maximum frequency deviation allowed is 75

KHz,
with
maximum
modulating
signal
frequency of 15 KHz.
METHODS OF FM GENERATION
Methods of FM Generation
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
DIRECT FM
In
direct FM generation the frequency of the
carrier is changed directly in proportion with the

modulating signal amplitude.
Types of Direct FM
Reactance
Varactor
modulator
diode modulator
DIRECT FM
These
methods use a varactor diode or a

reactance transistor for presenting a variable
reactance across the frequency determining
circuit of an oscillator.
DIRECT FM
Oscillator Tank
Circuit
Modulating
Signal
Variable reactance device

DIRECT FM
When
the variable reactance of the device

varies with the modulating signal the
oscillator generator the corresponding FM
signal.
DIRECT MODULATORS
Few
other direct modulators are:
Varactor
diode modulator.
Reactance modulator.
V.C.O. modulator.
Stabilized reactance modulator.
Cross by direct FM transmitters.
REACTANCE MODULATOR
In
the reactance modulator, a transistor or

FET is operated as a variable reactance
(inductive or capacitive) device.
This device is connected across the tuned
circuit of an oscillator.
As the instantaneous value of modulating
voltage changes, the reactance offered by the
transistor or FET will change proportionally.
VARACTOR DIODE
Here the voltage applied across the varactor diode varies

in proportion with the modulating voltage.
This will vary the junction capacitance of the varactor

diode. The varactor diode appears in parallel with the
oscillator tuned circuit. Hence the oscillator frequency
will change with change in varactor diode capacitance
and FM wave is produced.
ADVANTAGES OF DIRECT FM
MODULATION
The
main advantage of direct FM generation is
the simplicity of the modulators and their low

cost.
DISADVANTAGES OF DIRECT
METHOD
In
the direct method of FM generation we have

to use the LC oscillator. The LC oscillator
frequency is not stable.
Therefore
its not possible to use such oscillator

for communication or broadcast purpose.
DIRECT FM
Therefore
we have to use a scheme in which

we can use the crystal oscillator to control
the carrier frequency.
Therefore
we have to use the automatic

frequency control system.
INDIRECT METHOD ( ARMSTRONG

METHOD)
Here
FM is obtained through phase modulation.
Crystal oscillator is used and hence the

frequency stability is very high.
narrow band PM signal is generated via DSBSC signal and a 90 phase shifted sub carrier
signal from a crystal oscillator.
INDIRECT METHOD ( ARMSTRONG

METHOD)
The
integration of the modulating signal

makes the NBPM signal to NBFM signal.
This
NBFM signal is applied to a harmonic

generator (frequency multiplier) which will
increase both the carrier frequency and the
maximum deviation to the required.
COMPARISION OF AM AND FM
BROADCASTING
AM Broadcasting
It requires smaller
transmission
bandwidth.
It can be operated in
low, medium and high
frequency bands.
It has wider coverage.
FM Broadcasting
It requires larger bandwidth.
It needs to be operated in very
high and frequency bands.
Its range is restricted to 50 km.
COMPARISION OF AM AND FM
BROADCASTING
The demodulation is
simple.
The stereophonic
transmission is not
possible.
The system has poor
noise performance.
The process of
demodulation is
complex.
In this, stereophonic
transmission is
possible.
It has an improved
noise performance.
REVISION
What is Transmitter
Classification of Transmitters
Based on Type of modulation
Based on Transmitted frequency
AM Transmitters
Types of AM transmitters
Low Level modulation transmitter

High Level modulation transmitter
FM Transmitters
Types of FM generation
Direct method of FM generation
Indirect method of FM generationPunjab Edusat Society

Class Notes - Am & FM Transmitters

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LECTURE ON AM/FM TRANSMITTER

Subject: Communication Systems-I

Punjab Edusat Society

Block diagram of communication

Punjab Edusat Society

It takes the information to be communicated in

this block diagram of communication

Punjab Edusat Society

The main parts of transmitter are explained

Frequency generator : The frequency

antenna is a transducer which

Punjab Edusat Society

BASIC BLOCKS OF TRANSMITTER

Punjab Edusat Society

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF TRANSMITTER

It is an electronic unit which accepts the

converts it into an RF signal capable of being

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF TRANSMITTER

transmitter must generate a signal of correct

it must provide some

it must provide sufficient power

According to the type of modulation used.

According to service involved.

According to the frequency range involved.

According to the power used.

frequency (LF) transmitters (30 KHZ300KHZ)

frequency (MF) transmitters ( 300 KHZ-

frequency (HF) transmitters (3 MHZ30MHZ)

high frequency (VHF) transmitters

high frequency (UHF) transmitters

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE

Punjab Edusat Society

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE

Punjab Edusat Society

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPES

CONTINIOUS WAVE (CW)

CW Transmitter is the simplest type of

is a simple crystal oscillator circuit.

oscillator generates a carrier signal of the

CONTINIOUS WAVE (CW)

information transmitted in this way is called

CONTINIOUS WAVE (CW)

key is a simple hand operated switch

closing the key we can turn on the crystal

Punjab Edusat Society

CONTINIOUS WAVE (CW)

When the key is closed, the oscillator produces

The key is opened and closed in order to

Punjab Edusat Society

CONTINIOUS WAVE (CW)

correspond to the short duration output

required messages can be transmitted

Punjab Edusat Society

Punjab Edusat Society

skilled operator is required to convert the

message to be sent into a coded form of dots

distance communication is not possible.

or picture can not be sent.

Used in radio & TV broadcasting.

Punjab Edusat Society

AM Transmitter, AM signal is transmitted

Punjab Edusat Society

Low Level modulation transmitters.