A PROJECT ON

G-4 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Situated at
Kathmandu, Nepal

WORKED BY
RAJESH DULAL
B.Tech Civil Engineering
APG10910112027
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Niroj Kumar Thapaliya

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
STRUCTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGNING
SLABS
BEAMS
COLUMNS
FOUNDATION

INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING

To arrange all the units of a building on all floors and at

level according to their functional requirements making
best use of the space available for a building.

The shape of such a plan is governed by several factors

such as climatic conditions, site location, accommodation

requirements, local by-laws, surrounding environment, etc.

Factors to be considered in
planning.
1) Aspect
3) Privacy
5) Roominess
7) Sanitation
9) Circulation
11) Economy

2)Prospect
4)Grouping
6)Furniture Requirement
8)Flexibility
10)Elegance
12)Practical Considerations

Aspect: Aspect means individuality of the arrangement of doors and

windows in the external walls of a building which
allows the occupants to enjoy the natural gifts such as
sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc.
Aspect is a very important consideration in planning as it
provides not only comfort and good environment to live
in but from hygienic point of view also.

Prospect: Prospect in its proper sense, is the impression that

house is likely to make on person who looks at it from out-side.
Therefore, it includes the attainment of pleasing appearance by
the use of natural beauties; disposition of doors and windows;
and concealment of some undesirable views in a given outlook.
Privacy:Privacy is one of the important principles in the planning
of buildings of all types in general and residential buildings in
particular. Privacy requires consideration in two ways:
Privacy of one room from another.
Privacy of all parts of a building from the neighboring
buildings, public streets and by-ways.

Grouping:Grouping means the disposition of various rooms in the

layout in a typical fashion so that all the rooms are placed in
proper correlating of their functions and in proximity with
each other. The objective of grouping of the apartments is to
maintain the sequence of their functions with least
interference. For example, in a residential building, dining
room must be close to the kitchen; at the same time kitchen
should be away from the drawing or the main living room,
otherwise kitchen smells and smoke would detract them for
their usefulness.
Roominess:Roominess refers to the effect produced by deriving the
maximum benefit from the minimum dimensions of a room. In
other words, it is the accomplishment of economy of space at
the same time avoiding cramping of the plan. It is essential
particularly in case of residential buildings where large
storage space is required, to make maximum use of every
nook and corner of built-up area of the building before
making an addition to the plinth area.

Furniture Requirements: - The functional requirement of a room

or an apartment governs the furniture requirements. This is an
important consideration in planning of buildings other than
residential in particular and residential in general.
In case of residential buildings, a room whether intended for bed
room or kitchen or drawing room, the architect should take into
account the furniture positions of all types likely to be
accommodated, so that the doors, windows and circulation space
do not prevent from placing of sufficient number of pieces.

Sanitation: - Sanitation consists of providing ample light,

ventilation, facilities for cleaning and sanitary conveniences in
the following manner:
(i)Light: - Light has two-fold significance, firstly it illuminates
and secondly from hygienic point of view. Light in interior
buildings may be provided by natural or artificial lighting. Glare
in light distracts and disables the vision and hence the source of
glare may be avoided.
Generally, the minimum window area fir proper lighting should
not be less than 1/10th of floor area.
(ii)Ventilation: - It is the supply of outside air either positive
ventilation or by infiltration into the building. Good ventilation is
an important factor conducive to comfort in buildings. Poor
ventilation or lack of fresh air in building, always produces
headache, sleepiness, inability to fix attention, etc.

(iii)Cleanliness and sanitary conveniences:Though the general cleaning and upkeep of the building is
the responsibility of the occupants but even then some
provisions to facilitate cleaning and prevention of dust are
necessary in planning. The floors, as far as possible,
should be of non-absorbent surface, smooth and proper
slope should be given to facilitates washing with suitable
outlets in the walls. Prevention of dust accumulation is
essential. Dust helps the growth of bacteria and spread of
the disease.
Sanitary conveniences include the provision of bathrooms,
water closets, lavatories, latrines, urinals, etc. in a
building. Provision of such conveniences is not an optional
matter but is a statutory requirement.

Circulation:Circulation means internal thoroughfares or

the movement space provided on the same floor either
between the rooms or with in the room called horizontal
circulation and between the different floors through stairs or
lifts called vertical circulation. Passages, corridors, halls and
lobbies serve the purpose of horizontal circulation, where as
for vertical circulation normally stair or staircase, electric
lifts, ramps, etc. are the means of access to different floors.
Elegance:Elegance is the effect produce by the elevation and
general layout of the plan. The elevation, therefore, should
speak out the internal facts and be indicative of the character.
Elevation should be impressive and should be developed
together with the plan simultaneously. With the economy
limitations, elevations should be aesthetically good and
attractive.

Economy: - The economy may not be a principle of planning but

it is certainly a factor, which effects planning. The economy may
restrict the liberties of the architect and may also require certain
alteration and omission in the original plan. The economy should
not have any bad effect on grouping or aspect, however the
prospect at the most to some extend can be sacrificed if need be.
Economy should not have any evil effect on the utilities and safety
of the structure.

STRUCTURAL PLANNING
Structural planning is first stage in any structural design. It
involves the determination of appropriate form of structure,
material to be used, the structural system, the layout of its
components and the method of analysis.
As the success of any engineering project measured in terms of
safety and economy, the emphasis today is being more on economy.
Structural planning is the first step towards successful structural
design.

Structural Planning of Reinforced Concrete Framed

Building:
Structural planning of R.C.C. framed building involves
determination of:
COLUMN POSITIONS
Positioning of columns
Orientation of columns
BEAM LOCATIONS
SPANNING OF SLABS
LAYOUT AND PLANNING OF STAIRS
TYPE OF FOOTING

STRUCTURAL DESIGNING

Structural design for framed R.C.C structure can be done by three

methods:
Working Stress Method.
Ultimate Strength Method.
Limit State Method.
WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN
It is earliest modified method of R.C.C structures. In this method
structural element is so designed that the stress resulting from
the action of services load as computed in linear elastic theory
using modular ratio concept do not exceed a pre-designed
allowable stress which is kept as some fraction of ultimate stress,
to avail a margin of safety. Since this method does not utilize full
strength of the material it results in heavy section, the economy
aspect cannot be fully utilized in the method.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD OF DESIGN

This method is primarily based on strength concept. In this
method the structural element is proportioned to withstand
the ultimate load, which is obtained by enhancing the service
load of some factor referred to as load factor for giving
desired margin of safety. Since this method is based on actual
stress strain behavior of the material, of the member as of the
structure that too right up to failure, the values calculated by
this method agree well the experiment results.
LIMIT STATE METHOD DESIGN
During the past several years, extension research works have
been carried out on the different aspects of the research in the
actual behavior of member and structure has led to the
development of design and approach of LIMIT STATE
METHOD OF DESIGN.

LIMIT STATE CONCEPT

In limit state method the working load is multiplied by partial
factor of safety in accordance with clause 36.4.1 of IS 4562000; And also the ultimate strength of material is divided by the
partial safety in accordance with clause 36.4.1 of IS 456-2000;
and also the ultimate strength of the material is divided by partial
safety in accordance with clause 36.4.2 of IS-456-2000.
Partial safety factor is introduced to reduce the probability of
failure to about zero. When a structure or apart of a structure
becomes unfit for use, it is said to have reached a limit state,
unfitness for use can arise in various ways and aim of limit state
method of design is to provide an acceptable probability that the
structure will not reach any of the limit states during its service
life span. Limit state can be broadly classified into two main
categories.

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: It is the limit state on

attainment of which the structure is likely to collapse. It relates to
stability and strength of the structure. Design to this limit ensures
safety of the structure from collapse.
LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY: It relates to performance
or behavior of structure at working loads and is based on causes
affecting serviceability of the structure. This limit state is
concerned with cracking and deflection of the structure.

DESIGN PRINCIPLE, ASSUMPTION AND NOTATION

ASSUMED
The notation adopted throughout the work is same as in
IS-456-2000.
ASSUMPTION IN DESIGN
1. Using partial safety factors for loads in accordance with clause
36.4 of IS-456-2000 as f = 1.5
2. Partial safety factor for material in accordance with clause 36.4.2
is IS-456-2000 is taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
3.

Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS456-2000 combination of load.
D.L. + L.L. 1.5
D.L. + L.L. + W.L 1.2

DESIGN CONSTANTS
Using M20 and Fe 415 grade of concrete and steel for beams, slabs,
footings, columns.
Therefore: Fck = characteristic strength for M20-20N/mm2
Fy = Characteristic strength of steel 415N/mm2
ASSUMPTION REGARDING DESIGN
Slab is assumed to be continuous over interior support and partially
fixed on edges, due to monolithic construction and due to
construction of walls over it.
Beams are assumed to be continuous over interior support and they
frame into the column at ends

S LAB S
Slab are plain structural members forming floors and roofs of building
whose thickness is quite small compared to their other dimensions. These
carry load primarily by flexure and are in various shapes such as square,
rectangular, circular and triangular in buildings, tanks etc. inclined slabs
may be used as ramps for multistoried as parking. A staircase is
considered to be an inclined slab.

The thickness of the reinforced concrete slabs ranges from 75mm to

300mm slabs are designed just like beams keeping the breadth of
slab as unity depending on the system of units. Thus the total slab is
assumed to the consisting of strips of unit width compression
reinforcement is used only in exceptional basis in a slab.

BEAMS
A reinforcement concrete beam should be able to resist tensile,
compressive and shear stresses induced in it . Concrete is fairly
strong in compression but very weak in tension. Plain concrete
beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by the low tensile
strength. Steel is very strong in tension. Thus, the tensile weakness
of concrete is overcome by the provision of reinforced steel in the
tension zone to make a reinforced concrete beam.

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

In case of singly reinforced beam, the main reinforcement is
provided near the tension faces of the beam.

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

A doubly reinforced beam is that in which reinforcement is provided
both for tension as well as compression face. A doubly reinforced
section is generally provided under the following conditions.
1. When the depth and breadth of the beam are restricted and it has
to resist greater bending moment than a singly reinforced beam of
that section would do.
2. When the beam is continuous over several supports, the section
of the beam at the support is usually designed as doubly reinforced
section.
3. When the member is subjected to eccentric loading.
4. When the bending moment in the member reverses according to
the loading conditions e.g., the wall of the under ground R.C.C
storage reservoir, brackets etc.,
5. When the member is subjected to shocks, impact or accidental
lateral thrust.

DESIGN SPECIFICATION ACCORDING TO IS: 456-2000

AND SP: 16 EFFECTIVE DEPTH
Effective depth of beams is the distance between the centroid of the
area of tension reinforcement and the maximum compression fiber,
excluding the thickness of the finishing material not placed
monolithically.
CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
The deflection shall generally be limited to the following:
The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of
temperature, creep and shrinkage are measured from the as-cast
level of the support of the floor, roofs and all other horizontal
members not normally exceed span/250.
The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage occurring after erection of partitions and the application
of finishes should not normally exceed span/350 or 20mm
whichever is less.

SHEAR
A beam subjected to shear force and bending moment experience
diagonal tension. Vertical shear force alone is not as critical when
compared with the result due to the intersection of bending moment
and shear force.
The resultants of these stresses produce diagonal tension, which
may develop crack in the beam.
To
care of this
1.takeCranked
barsresultant diagonal tension shear reinforcement
is provided in two forms.

2.

Stirrups
-Vertical
-Inclined.

COLUMNS
A column or strut is a compression member, which is used
primarily to support axial compressive loads and with a
height of at least three times its least lateral dimension.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected
to axially loaded when the line of the resultant thrust of loads
supported by the column is coincides with the line of C.G. of
the column in the longitudinal direction. Depending upon the
architectural requirements and the loads to be supported,
R.C.C. column may be cast in various shapes i.e. square,
rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal or circular.

COLUMN POSITIONS
Following are some of the guidelines principles for positioning
of columns.
Column should be preferably located at or near the corner of the
building and at intersection of the walls, because the function of
the column is to support beams which are normally placed under
walls to support them. The columns, which are near to property
line, can be exception from above consideration as the
difficulties are encountered in providing footing for such
columns.
When center to center distance between the intersection of the
walls is large or where there are no cross walls, the spacing
between two column is governed by limitations on spans of
supported beams because spacing of column beside the span of
the beams. As the span of the beam increase as the required
depth increase and hence its self weight.

ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS:
Column normally provided in the building are rectangular
width of the column not less than the width of support for
effective load transfer. As far as possible, the width of the
column shall not exceed the thickness of the walls to avoid the
offsets. Restrictions on the width of the column necessitate the
other side (the depth) of the column to be larger the desired
load carrying capacity. This leads to the problems of
orientation of columns.

Effective Length
The effective length of a column is defined as the length between
the points of contra flexure of the buckled column. The code has
given certain values of the effective length for normal usage
assuming idealized and condition shown in appendix D of IS 456
(table 24)
A column may be classified as follows based on the type of loading.
Axially loaded column.
A column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending.
A column subjected axial loads and bi-axial bending.
Axially Loaded Columns
All compression members are to be designed for a minimum
eccentricity of load into principal directions. In practice, a truly
axially loaded column is rare, if not non-existent. Therefore, every
column should be designed for an eccentricity.

Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending

A member subjected to axial force and uniaxial bending shall
be designed on the basis of
The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial
compression is taken as .002
The maximum compressive strain in concrete at the highly
compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to axial
compression and when there is no tension on the section
shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed extreme fiber.
Design charts for combined axial compression and bending
are given in the form of interaction diagrams in which curves
for Pu /fck bD Vs Mu /fck b D2 are plotted for different
values of p/ fck where P is the reinforcement percentage.

Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

The resistance of a member subjected to axial fore and biaxial
bending shall be obtained on the basis of assumptions given in
38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the
equilibrium of load and moments about two axes.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following
equation:
Mux,Muy = Moment about x and y-axis due to design load
Mux1, Muyl = Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial
load of pu, bending about x and y axis respectively and it is
related to pu/puz
Puz = 0.45 x fck x Ac + 0.75 x fy x Asc
For values of Pu/puz = 0.2 to 0.8, the values of an varies from 1
to 2
For values less than 0.2 =1.0
For values greater than 0.8, = 2.0

Thank You