Session 04. The Value of Mathematical Discoveries

THE VALUE OF
MATHEMATICAL
DISCOVERIES
Session 04
SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES
MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

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OBJECTIVES
To determine the different mathematical
discoveries; and
To show appreciation of the importance of
these mathematical discoveries.

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ACTIVITY
The Pythagorean
Theorem Game

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REVIEW ON PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM
Pythagorean theorem, also known
asPythagoras's theorem, is a
relation in Euclidean geometry
among the three sides of a right
triangle. It states that the square of
the hypotenuse (the side opposite
the right angle) is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides.
Sources: https://www.mathsisfun.com/pythagoras.html ; http://
platformninenthreequarters.blogspot.com/2014/05/may-7th-pythagorean-theorem-video-links
.html
; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem

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REVIEW ON PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM
Pythagorean Triples are
measures of a right triangle
which are integer. Example
is the 3-4-5 triangle. That is,
a2+b2 = 9+16 = 25 =c2

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GET READY!
Materials
The Pythagorean Theorem Game master
The Pythagorean Theorem Game Board master
The Pythagorean Theorem Game Cards masters
index cards
scissors
tape or glue
2 number cubes per group
4 different colored counters per group

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GET SET!
Make a copy of The Pythagorean Theorem
Game master on for each student in the class.
Photocopy The Pythagorean Theorem Game
Board master onto card stock for each group.
Make a copy of The Pythagorean Theorem Game
Cards masters for each group. Have students cut
out the game cards, tape or glue them to the
index cards, and draw a ? on the reverse side.

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GO!
A player rolls both number cubes and
substitutes the numbers into the Pythagorean
Theorem for the lengths of the legs. Then the
player moves around the board a distance that is
closest to the value of c. For example, if a player
12 2,
2 2 he
c 2 or she would determine how
rolls a 1 and a
1 move
4 c2
many spaces to
as
follows.
2
5c
5 c
2. c

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GO!
When a player lands on a space with a
question mark, a question card is read to the
player whose turn it is. If the player answers
correctly, he or she can roll one number cube
and advance that number of spaces. If the
player answers incorrectly, the turn moves to
the next player.

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GO!
To finish the game, the players must answer
a question card correctly. If answered
incorrectly, the player must go back to the
space from which he or she started that turn.
The first group who goes the farthest wins.

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PLAY PROPER

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ANALYSIS
Insights Sharing

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ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

What challenges you encountered in playing the
game?
How did you address those challenges?
How important the theorem is finding the measure
of the hypotenuse?
To what real-life activities can you apply the
theorem?

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VIDEO PRESENTATION
Source: https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e
J6ky97LaBc
Instruction: Watch and take
note of the most important
points?

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What insights did you gain from the video

presentation?

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ABSTRACTION

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PARAMETER OF THIS
SESSION
Pi
Euler Number or the e
Zero
Pythagorean Theorem

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PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM,
WHERE DID IT COME FROM?
Often associated with Pythagoras
Lived 5th Century B.C.
Founder of the Pythagorean Brotherhood
Group for learning and contemplation

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WHERE DID IT COME FROM?

Found in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China,
and even Greece
Known in China as Gougo Theorem
Oldest references are from India, in the Sulbasutras,
dating from sometime the first millenium B.C.
The diagonal of a rectangle produces as much as is
produced individually by the two sides.

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IT WASNT PYTHAGORAS?
A common discovery
Happened during prehistoric times
Theorem came naturally
Independently discovered by multiple cultures
Supported by Paulus Gerdes, cultural historian of
mathematics
Carefully considered patterns and decorations used by
African artisans, and found that the theorem can be
found in a fairly natural way

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PROOFS OF PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM
Whole books devoted to ways of proving the
Pythagorean Theorem
Many proofs found by amateur mathematicians
U.S. President James Garfield
He once said his mind was unusually clear and
vigorous when studying mathematics

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EUCLIDS PROOF
The idea is to prove that the
little square (in blue) has
the same area as the little
rectangle (also in blue) and
etc.
He does so using basic facts
about triangles,
parallelograms, and angles.

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APPLICATIONS OF
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
Computing distances between two points, such as in
navigation and land surveying.
Another important application is in the design of ramps.
Ramp designs for handicap-accessible sites and for
skateboard parks are very much in demand.

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PI
The mathematical constant
is an irrational real number,
approximately equal to
3.14159, which is the ratio of
a circle's circumference to its
diameter in Euclidean
geometry.
= 3.14159 26535 89793
23846 26433 83279 50288
41971 69399 37510 58209... http://holon.newgrounds.com/news/post/91
8235

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HISTORY OF PI
First Introduced by William Jones in Synopsis Palmariorium
Mathesios on 1706.
Made Standard by Leonard Euler
Greeks, Babylonians, Egyptians and Indian: slightly more than 3
Indian and Greek: 4 1 1 1
2k
2k 1
Madhava of Sangamagrama:
A r 2
Ahmes:
256 81
Babylonians:
k 1
k 1
25 8

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PI AND THE BIBLE
A little known verse of the Bible reads:

And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one
brim to the other: it was round all about, and his
height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did
SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,
compass it about
(I Kings 7, 23).
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BITS OF INFORMATION
ABOUT PI
Archimedes c. 250 BC proved
A = r2.
John Lambert 1761 proved
is irrational.
Ferdinand von Lindemann 1882
proved
is transcendental.

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PI JOKES
Q: What do you get when you take the sun and divide
its circumference by its diameter?
A: Pi in the sky.
Said the Mathematician, "Pi r squared.
Said the Baker, "No! Pie are round, cakes are square!"

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PI MNEMONICS (WORD
LENGTH)
How I wish I could calculate pi.
How I wish I could enumerate Pi easily, since all these
horrible mnemonics prevent recalling any of pi's sequence
more simply.
How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy
chapters involving quantum mechanics. One is, yes,
adequate even enough to induce some fun and pleasure for
an instant, miserably brief.
Do you see a problem with mnemonics?

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ARCHIMEDES CALCULATION
Perimeters of 96-sided
polygons inscribing a circle
and inscribed by it
is between 22371 and
227. The average is 3.1419.

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ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton was
able to calculate 15
decimals in the pi
series. It is said that
Newton spoke about
his work with pi
saying he was
ashamed how long it
took him just to
calculate the 15
digits without
working on anything

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DEVOTED HIS LIFE TO 35

DIGITS
PI
By 1610, the OF
German
mathematician Ludolph van
Ceulen computed the first 35
decimal places of .
He was so proud of this
accomplishment that he had
them inscribed on his tombstone.

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LOVE FOR PI
In 1706 John Machin
developed a converging
series for pi that calculated
up to 100 decimal places.
By the year 1949 digital
computers were invented
and could calculate 100s
of decimal places of pi in
hours. In 1949 John von
Nuemann calculated 2037

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CURRENT RECORD
December 2002,
Yasumasa Kanada
of Tokyo University
correctly computed
to 1.24 trillion
digits

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DO WE NEED THAT MANY

DIGITS?
While the value of pi has been
computed to billions of digits,
practical science and engineering
will rarely require more than 100
digits.
As an example, computing the
circumference of a circle the size of
the Milky Way with a value of pi
truncated at 40 digits would
produce an error margin of less
than the diameter of a proton. But
we can use them for testing
computers

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CELEBRATING PI DAY
Pi Minute 3/14 1:59
Pi Moment 3/14 1:59:27
In Europe Pi Approximation Day 22 July.
Albert Einsteins birthday
Happy Pi Day!

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PI IN THE PROFESSIONS.
Agricultural professionals may use pi to determine
the area covered by a pivot irrigation system or
storage facility. The would use the formula
Architects and construction works would both use the formula
for area extensively. hey also use the formula for volume
extensively to fill columns of concrete and to know the space a
building would take up

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PI IN THE PROFESSIONS
Engineers use advance formulas that include pi.
These are just some of the
formulas an engineer would
use.
Moving around structures
such as landmasses and
buildings would require the
use of some of these
formulas.
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IN LITERATURE
Math Adventure Books by Cindy Neuschwander
Sir Cumference and the
Dragon of Pi
First Round Table
Sword in the Cone
Great Knight of Angleland

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CHARACTERS
Sir Cumference
Wife: Lady Di of Ameter
Son: Radius
Friend: Vertex
Sword: Edgecalibur
Carpenters: Geo and Sym of Metry

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When Sir Cumference drinks a potion which turns him into a

dragon, his son Radius searches for the magic number known as pi
which will restore him to his former shape

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ZERO
0: zero, null, nill.

Invented about 825 by
Al-Kwarizmi
http://sarathc.com/zero-emissionszero-accidents-zero-ownership.html

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VIDEO PRESENTATION
Watch the video presentation entitled
Discovery of Zero BBC India.

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VIDEO LEARNING
What were the important points emphasized in the
video presentation?

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E OR THE
EULER NUMBER
An irrational number,
symbolized by the letter e,
appears as the base in many
applied exponential functions.
It models a variety of situations
in which a quantity grows or
decays continuously: money,
drugs in the body, probabilities,
population studies,
atmospheric pressure, optics,
and even spreading rumors!
http://www.gogeometry.com/software/wor
d_cloud_sw_e_euler_number.html

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THE NUMBER E
The number e is known as Eulers
number. Leonard Euler (1700s)
discovered its importance. The
number e has physical meaning.
It occurs naturally in any
situation where a quantity
increases at a rate proportional
to its value, such as a bank
account producing interest, or a
population increasing as its
members reproduce.
y=e
1
1
n

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E = 2.71828 18284 59045

23536
e can be expressed as
The constant was first discovered

by Jacob Bernoulli when
attempting a continuous interest
problem
Was originally written as b
Euler eventually related

all five of maths most
important numbers in
his famous Eulers
Identity:
Euler called it e in his book

Mechanic
Is also called Eulers number
One of the five most important
numbers in mathematics along
with 0, 1, i, and pi.

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THE NUMBER E - DEFINITION
1
1
n
The table shows the

1
A
1
values of n as n gets
increasingly large.
n
As n , the
approximate value of
e (to 9 decimal
places) is
2.718281827
2.25
2.48832
10
2.59374246
100
2.704813829
1000
2.716923932
10,000
2.718145927
100,000
2.718268237
1,000,000
2.718280469
1,000,000,000
2.718281827
1
As n , 1
e
SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES MR. ROLDAN
n S. CARDONA,
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WHY DOES EULERS

NUMBER MATTER
A Ae
kt
Q Q0 e kt
A Pe kt
Describes things that

grow/decay
Describes things that oscillate
it
Alternating current
e
i ( x ct )
e
i t
e (x )
Radio/sound wave
Quantum mechanical wave packet

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COMBINING THEM
u (t )
c e
1
u (t )
2
2i nt
Fourier series:
it
F
(
)
e
d
sound synthesisers,
electronics
Fourier transform:
Image processing,
crystallography,
optics, signal analysis

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f e i y
ix
2
i x
2
2
e
h
d
x
/
e
g
d
x
d
/ 2

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COMPOUND INTEREST
The formula for compound interest:
r
A(t ) P 1
n
nt
Where n is the number of times per year

interest is being compounded and r is the
annual rate.

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COMPOUND INTEREST EXAMPLE

Which plan yields the most interest?
Plan A: A $1 investment with a 7.5% annual rate
compounded monthly for 4 years
Plan B: A $1 investment with a 7.2% annual rate
12(4)4 years
compounded daily for
A:
B:
0.075
1
1.3486
12
365( 4)
0.072
1
1.3337
365
$1.35
$1.34

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INTEREST COMPOUNDED
CONTINUOUSLY
If interest is compounded all the time (MUST use
the word continuously), we use the formula
A(t ) Pe
rt
where P is the initial principle (initial amount)

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A(t ) Pe
rt
If you invest $1 at a 7% annual rate that is compounded

continuously, how much will you have in 4 years?
1* e
(.07)(4)
1.3231
You will have a whopping $1.32 in 4 years!

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YOU DO!
You decide to invest $8000 for 6 years and have a choice
between 2 accounts. The first pays 7% per year,
compounded monthly. The second pays 6.85% per year,
compounded continuously. Which is the better
investment?

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YOU DO ANSWER
1st Plan:
0.07
A(6) 8000 1
12
12(6)
$12,160.84
2nd Plan:
P (6) 8000e
0.0685(6)
$12, 066.60

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APPLICATION

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TASK 1
Provide a reflection on the value of these
mathematical discoveries in your life as a student, a
future teacher and as a citizen of the country. Include
in the reflection more applications and uses of these
concepts in everyday living. Indicate the reflection in
your mathematics journal.

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TASK 2
Compile five application problems for each of the
mathematical concepts: pi, e, zero, and Pythagorean
theorem. Indicate it in your math journal. Cite
sources.

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60

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THE VALUE OF

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

What insights did you gain from the video

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

WHERE DID IT COME FROM?

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

PI AND THE BIBLE

A little known verse of the Bible reads:

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

DEVOTED HIS LIFE TO 35

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,

SESSION 04. THE VALUE OF MATHEMATICAL DISCOVERIES

MR. ROLDAN S. CARDONA,