CHAPTER 4

CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF THE
CELL
4.2 CARBOHYDRATES
Nur amni syazana

CARBOHYDRATES

Source of energy
Build cell walls of plants
Form external skeleton of insects
As food storage
Consists of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
Ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms molecule
is 2:1

TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES

MONOSACCHARIDES
The basic building blocks of carbohydrates
(monomers of carbohydrates)
Known as simple sugar
Reducing sugars
EXAMPLE:
Glucose ~ in plants and fruits
Fructose ~ in sweet fruits and
honey
Galactose ~ in milk

DISACCHARIDES
Reducing sugars except sucrose
Consist of two monosaccharides
Complex sugars
condensation

GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE ------------------->MALTOSE + WATER

GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE <-------------------MALTOSE + WATER

hydrolysis

EXAMPLE:
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE -> Maltose (malt sugar)
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE -> Sucrose (cane sugar)
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE -> Lactose (milk sugar)

POLYSACCHARIDES
Combination of hundreds of monosaccharides
Formed by the condesation of glucose monomers
Do not taste sweet and do not crystallise
Insoluble in water
hydrolysis
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE ------------------->MALTOSE + WATER

EXAMPLE:

Glycogen ~ in animal and yeast

~ known as animal starch
Starch ~ stores in plants
(rice,corn,bread,wheat)
Cellulose ~ form cell wall in plants