PROTEINS

Prepared by:
Nur Fatihah Binti Din
4UPM

Learning Outcomes/Objectives:

State the elements in proteins.

State the various structure of proteins.

Explain the formation and breakdown of

dipeptides and polypeptides.
Explain the meanings of essential amino
acids and non essential amino acids.
2

Introduction

Protein are large complex organic

molecules which play diverse roles in
living organisms.
Proteins made up of such elements as
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur and phosphorus.
3

Amino acid + amino acid

Polypeptides + water

condensation
hydrolysis

hydrolysis

dipeptide + water

dipeptides or amino acids

Examples

Protein sources: egg, meat, milk, yoghurt

and etc.

Protein Structures
a) Primary structure
b) Secondary structure
- alpha-helix
- beta-pleated sheets
c) Tertiary structure
d) Quaternary structure
6

a)

Primary structure
The linear sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain.

b)

Secondary structure

i)

Alpha-helix
- Three dimensional arrangement of amino
acids with the polypeptide chain in a cork
screw shape.

ii)

Beta-pleated sheet
- Polypeptide chains are arranged side by
side.
8

c)

Tertiary structure
The overall three dimensional shape of a
polypeptide chain.

d)

Quaternary structure
The combination of two or more tertiary
polypeptides that makes up a protein.

10

11

Amino Acids

There have two types of amino acids:

i) essential amino acids
ii) non essential amino acids

Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot

be synthesized by the body. Example: Leucine
Non essential amino acids are amino acids that can
be synthesized by the body. There are 11-non
essential amino acids. Example: Alanine
12

Thank You
13