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I.
Definitions
1) Coordination Compound = new chemical compounds formed by the
binding of simpler, yet distinct, molecules by non-covalent bonds
a)
b)
c)
H
N
i.
Hydrogen Bonding
H
H
N
ii.
bonds
2)
B.
Ligand = atom, ion, or molecule that can donate a pair of electrons to a metal ion
(A Lewis Base) = H2O, NH3, Cl-
Werner Complexes
1) Alfred Werner (1866-1919) was the father of modern coordination chemistry
2) Early theory of coordination compound structure
a) Blomstrand (1826-1894) and Jorgenson (1837-1914)
b) The valence or charge of the metal ion determined how many bonds it
could form: Co3+ could form 3 bonds
c) This idea stressed the similarity to organic chemistry (C could form 4 bonds)
d) NH3 could form chains, just like chains of CH2
e)
3)
Werners Theory
a) Metals interact with 6 ligands in octahedral geometry to form complex ions
i. Primary or Inner Coordination Sphere = ligands with bonds to Metal
ii. Secondary or Outer Coordination Sphere = more loosely bound
anions present only to balance charge
b)
c)
d)
iii. CoA4B2 only has two isomers. Trigonal Prismatic and Trigonal
Antiprimatic should give 3 isomers. Octahedral only has two
possible isomers. Thus the structure must be Oh.
iv.
v.
e)
I.
Problem with Werners Theory: disobeys octet rule. Solution: use d-orbitals
so it becomes an 18-electron rule. [Co(NH3)6]3+ has 6 d e- + 12 e- from NH3
1s + 3p + 5d orbitals x 2 e- each = 18 total electrons possible
Ligands
1) Ligands are often organic molecules with IUPAC names
2)
Common names are most often used for the ligands in coordination compounds
3)
Chelate = Greek for Claw = a ligand that can bind a metal ion by more than one
point of attachment.
a) Bidentate = two teeth = NH2CH2CH2NH2 = ethylenediamene = en
b) Tridentate = NH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2 = diethylenetriamine = trien
c) Tetradentate = cyclam
4)
B.
3)
Prefixes denote the number of each ligand type. Special prefixes and
parentheses are used if the ligand already contains a prefix.
2
di
bis
6
hexa
hexakis
3
tri
tris
7
hepta
heptakis
4
tetra
tetrakis
8
octa
octakis
5
penta
pentakis
9
nona
nonakis
10
deca
decakis
a)
b)
4)
5)
6)
c)
Both systems add ate to the metal name if the complex ion has an
overall (-) charge
d)
e)
f)
7)
Isomer designations come before the rest of the name and in italics
a) cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)
b) trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)
8)
9)