Introduction Geophysical Methods

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Introduction Geophysical Methods

Most geophysical surveying methods can be used either on land or offshore. Each of these methods measures a
parameter that relates to a physical property of the subsurface. List of different methods, the parameters they measure,
and the related rock properties are indicated in the table 1
Table
METHOD

1 Geophysical Surveying Methods

PHYSICAL PROPERTY MEASURED OR
DERIVED

MEASURED PARAMETER

SEISMIC

TRAVEL TIME AND AMPLITUDE OR

REFLECTED/REFRACTED SEISMIC WAVES

ELASTIC MODULI, PROPAGATION VELOCITY,

DENSITY?

GRAVITY

SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE STRENGTH OF THE

EARTHS GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

DENSITY

MAGNETIC

SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE STRENGTH OF THE

GEOMAGNETIC FIELD

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

ELECTRICAL
RESISTIVITY

EARTH RESISTANCE

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

SELF-POTENTIAL

ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

ELECTRO-MAGNETIC

RESPONSE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND

INDUCTANCE

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Introduction Geophysical Methods

Boat
Source
(Airguns)

Sea Surface
Cable with hydrophones
Reflected
waves

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Introduction Seismic Wave

Source

Receiver

Measure:
. Travel time
Amplitude
Infer:
. Velocity

Reflector

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Introduction-Seismic Trace

Seismic Trace

Travel Time

The basic unit of seismic data

Amplitude
0

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Seismic Trace,
Records
and Section
Seismic
Trace, Record
and Section

A seismic survey generates a large number of shot records to cover the area under study.
Many steps of processing are applied to the data to enhance the signal, to minimize noise,
and to increase resolution. All the traces corresponding to a surface midpoint are combined
into a single trace, called a common-mid-point stack.
Seismic section
When processing is complete, all the common-depth-point stacks are displayed side by side
to make a seismic section, which is the final output of a 2D seismic survey.

A Seismic Section

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

Loaksi bidang pantul (Reflektor) :

Jarak = V x waktu
pantul

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V : kecepatan rambat gelombang suara di udara

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Basic Seismic Principles

Introduction
Basic Seismic Principles
Seismic wave propagation
Snells law
Reflection, refraction and critical angle
Acoustic impedance
Reflection coeficient
Seismic polarity and phase
Wavelet and convolution
Synthetic seismogram
Seismic Data Acquisition

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Basic Seismic Principles

Gelombang seismic merupakan gelombang akustik,
serupa dengan cahaya

Pada dasarnya kita gunakan gelombang seismic untuk

pencitraan lapisan-lapisan bawah permukaan
bumi,
melalui pendeteksian response dari bumi apabila diberi
gangguan energy

Dasar hukum dari seismic refleksi dikembangkan oleh

Willebrord Snell yang dikenal dengan Snell Law
Incident P-wave

Reflected Pwave

V1
V2

V1 < V 2
Refracted P-wave

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Snells Law of Reflection And Interpretation

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Velocity, Acoustic Impedance dan Reflection Coefisien

Velocity dan Density adalah acoustic parameter yang

menentukan respons seismic refleksi

Acoustic impedance adalah produk dari density dan

velocity
Imp = Rho x Velocity

Koefisien refleksi adalah prosentase dari energy yang

direfleksikan oleh bidak batas antar lapisan

Rc = (Imp2 Imp1)/(Imp2 + Imp1)

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Seismic Data Quality

S/N ratio ?
Continuity?

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Anatomy dari Seismic Section

Menunjukkan lapisan-lapisan batuan (Lithology) yang
berbeda

Vertical scale bukan depth (kedalaman), melainkan

Waktu tempuh (travel Time)

Informasi dapat menunjukan structur bawah permukaan

(subsurface), stratigraphy atau kedua-duanya. Hati-hati
dengan artifact.

Horizontal scale adalah CDP atau SP dan vertical scale

adalah TWT (Two way Time)

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Basic Seismic Principles-Anatomy Gelombang

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Basic Seismic Principles-Anatomy Gelombang

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Basic Seismic Principles-Anatomy Gelombang

Shear wave : arah gerakan partikelnya tegak lurus terhadap arah rambat

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Basic Seismic Principles-Anatomy Gelombang

Amplitude :

Magnitude gelombang

Panjang gelombang (lambda) :

Jarak satu gelombang

Frequency : Jumlah gelombang dalam satu detik

Perioda : waktu yang ditempuh untuk membentuk satu gelombang

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Basic Seismic Principles-Anatomy Gelombang

Panjang gelombang (lambda) = Velocity x Perioda

Frequency =

1/ Perioda

Lambda

Velocity x Frequency

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Seismic images geology

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Reflection dan Transmission Coefficient

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Reflection dan Transmission Coefficient

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Basic Seismic Interpretation- Excercise

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Reflection dan Transmission Coefficient

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Reflection dan Transmission Coefficient

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Reflection dan Transmission Coefficient

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Reflection dan Transmission Coefficient

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Resolution

Ketebalan terkecil yang dapat diresolve

(dilihat top dan bottomnya) oleh seismic :
Z = Lambda
Z = (Velocity/Fdom)

Fdominan = Fmaximum

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Resolution

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Resolution

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Resolution

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Well Seismic Calibration

Data Preparation

Checkshot
Sonic (DT)
Density (RHOB)
Gama Ray (GR)
Caliper
Resistivity (RT)
GR, RT and Caliper are useful to assist in the editing of the sonic and
density logs (to correct any noise spikes, cycle skips, bad splices etc.).

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Well Seismic ACQUISITION

Proj well trajectory

Navigation monitoring
when performed VSP for
deviated well

Survey boat

VSP Loging Unit

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Well Seismic ACQUISITION

Barge Set-uP for Offset VSP

6 m minimum distance
between barge hull and
air guns. TFE safety
regulation!

Crane

Backup
Hydrophone 1m
above hyd1

3.5m

Hydrophone 1m
above airgun
Two air guns
at 150 cu. in.
each.

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Water depth 5 m

minimum (low tide).

1m

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Well Seismic Acquisition

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Time-Depth Curve
TWT

Depth

Depth = Velocity x Time

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Synthetic Seismogram Generation Workflow

Raw SONIC

Check Shots

RHOB

DRIFT
Calibrated SONIC

Acoustic Impedance
Reflection Coefficients
Time to Depth conversion

Wavelet

Convolution

Synthetic Seismogram
Well Tie
Composite or Final Calibration Plate

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- Ricker
- Extracted from wavelet

Amplitudes

Earth

SEISMIC ACQUISITION
Wavelet
= Seismic Amplitudes
*
BANG

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Hypothesis
The seismic trace is
the result of a
convolution between
a wavelet and
earth reflectivities

Amplitude generation
Acoustic
impedance Log

Impedance
Reflectivity

Seismic trace

derivation
convolution

Ri=(Ai+1-Ai)/(Ai+1+Ai)

wavelet

integration

Ai+1 = Ai(1+Ri)/(1+Ri)
Acoustic impedance = P velocity x density
Key petrophysical parameter of the rock

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=
noise

Well Seismic calibration Performed in Charisma

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Well Seismic calibration Performed in Geolog6

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Synthetic Seismogram

Gama ray

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Surface Seismic

Well Seismic Calibration Plate

Time shift between

seismic and synthetic
seismogram.
~15 ms is applied to
surface seismic

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Seismic Reflection Interpretation

Crossline

Faults Picking
Horizons Picking

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Inline

Seismic Reflection Interpretation

Increment

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Seismic Reflection Interpretation

Interpolation using ASAP in Geoframe

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Seismic Reflection Interpretation

Fault & Horizons Picking

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Seismic Reflection Interpretation

Fault & Horizons Picking

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Mapping and Contouring

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Mapping and Contouring

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Mapping and Contouring

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Introduction

jhjhj

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Polarity

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Introduction

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Basic Seismic Interpretation - Refraction

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Basic Seismic Interpretation-Refraction

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Basic Seismic Interpretation

Elastic - A solid in which stress is proportional to strain.
Stress - Force applied perpendicular or parallel to a surface of a body divided by the area
of that surface
Strain - Ratio of change in dimension(s), caused by an applied stress, to the original
dimension(s)
Homogeneous - A homogeneous body has uniform properties throughout.

In Homogeneous Properties change either continuously or discreetly

Isotropic - In an isotropic body elastic parameters are independent of direction. The
seismic propagation velocity in an isotropic medium is the same in all directions of
propagation.

An Isotropic - Variation of the elastic parameters (e.g. velocity) depending on the direction
of propagation.

The subsurface in general is inhomogeneous and anisotropic. Much in acquisition and

processing assumes homogeneous and isotropic media.

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Basic Seismic Interpretation

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Interval Velocity for N.SISI-1, SISI-7 and NUBI-2

SISI-7

N.SISI-1

Vint = 2600
m/s

Vint = 3250
m/s

Vint = 3600
m/s

Vint = 2650
m/s

Vint = 3400
m/s

Vint = 3800
m/s

Well velocity from

calibrated sonic

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Seismic

NUBI-2

Vint = 2700
m/s

Vint = 3400
m/s

Vint = 3800
m/s

TUNING THICKNESS, RESOLUTION AND DETECTABILITY

WELL NAME
NUBI-2

WINDOW
(ms TWT)
1500-2000
2000 - 2500
2500 - 3000

TUNING CUT-OFF
(msTWT)
(Hz)
13
62
16
50
19
43

Vint
m/s
2700
3350
3800

Resolution=tuning Res=Vint/(4*Fdom) DETECTABILITY

(ms TWT)
(m)
(m)
ms (TWT) m depth
13
18
22
4.81
6
16
27
34
5.7
10
19
36
44
6.7
13

SISI-7

1500 - 2000
2000 - 2500
2500 - 3000

13
14
19

62
53
42

2650
3400
3800

13
15
19

17
26
36

21
32
45

4.8
5.3
6.7

6
9
13

N.SISI-1

1500 - 2000
2000 - 2500
2500 - 3000

16
20
22

52
42
37

2600
3250
3600

16
19
23

21
31
41

25
39
49

5.8
7
8.5

8
11
15

Resolution = lambda/4 = Vint/4*Fdominant

Fdominant = 1/2 Fmaximum
Detectability taken from the minimum thickness when the amplitude is 1/2 of the initial.

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Resolution Vs Depth
Resolution vs Depth

Thickness (m)
thickness
10

20

30

40

50

1000

Sisi Main Zone Fresh Water Sand

1500

2000

2500
Z (mss)

NB-2

3000

SISI-7
NSISI-1
P oly. (SISI-7)
P oly. (NB-2)

3500

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P oly. (NSISI-1)

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Artifact

Bow tie

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Anatomy Seismic dan Scaling

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Seismic and Noise

Major features of a seismic record (continued)
Ground Roll
Type of coherent noise
Low frequency
Coupled to surface or near-surface
Velocity range: 3500-5500 ft/sec
Air Wave
Type of coherent noise
High frequency
Travels through air
Velocity: 1100 ft/sec (330 m/s)
Multiple
Results from energy that becomes
trapped in shallow layers
Has more moveout than primary
reflections at same time
Surface multiple: surface is one
boundary trapping energy
Inter-bed multiple: energy trapped
between two sub-surface layers
Other complex types

Offset
Fir
s

s
io
n
ct
fle
Re

Ro
ll

Multiple

Air Wav
e

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tB
r ea

und
Gro

Time

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Source-Generated Noise:

Reverberations - multiple reflections in the

water or near surface layer

Multiples - events which follow a primary

reflection path plus multiple reflections in
one or more layers

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Identify Signals and Noise

Record 6

Record 30

A = weak reflector

Deep water marine

B = strong reflector

A = direct arrival

C1 C2 = faulted
reflector

B = water bottom reflection

C = shallow primary
reflection

Fault is up to the
right

M = water bottom multiple

D = ground roll, low

frequency and
dispersed

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Yilmaz, Seismic Data Analysis, Vol 1,pp 67-81

PL = peg-leg multiple
associated with reflector C

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D a nbom Geophy si cs

Comparison of short-path and long-path multiples.

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D a nbom Geophy si cs

Firstthe trivial for this audience the PP CDP gather

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What is Noise?

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What is Noise?

Noise is anything not related to primary subsurface

reflection.

All noise is coherent if adequately sampled.

Seismic programs are usually designed to correctly

sample reflections. Noise is often under sampled
and difficult to remove in processing.

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Why do we care about noise?

Noise obscures or interferes with signal
Noise limits the effectiveness of some processes (e.g. - migration,
deconvolution, velocity analysis)

Noise detracts from the fidelity of processing outputs

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Seismic and Noise

Fir
s

tB
r ea

s
io
n
ct
fle
Re

Ro
ll

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Offset

und
Gro

Multiple

Air Wav
e

Reflections are signal

the rest is noise
Acquisition and processing
enhance reflection energy and
suppress the noise
Geophone arrays can attenuate
surface noise
Recording system filter settings
can remove frequencies dominated
by noise
Major features of a seismic record
The earliest event is called the
First Break
Small offsets: direct wave from
source to receiver
Large offsets: refracted wave

Time

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Conclusion

Most seismic reflection techniques uses only compressional waves

- Easier to acquire
- Resolution, data quality generally better
- More sensitive to fluid properties
Use of shear and converted wave data is increasing
- May give a good image where compressional data cannot
- Sensitive to porosity; insensitive to pore fluid
- Combined with compressional data, tells more about rock and
fluid properties -- Poissons Ratio

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