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Transmission Systems
Xavier Fernando
Ryerson University
Point-to-Point Links
Key system requirements needed to analyze optical fiber links:
1. The desired (or possible) transmission distance
2. The data rate or channel bandwidth
3. The desired bit-error rate (BER)
LED or laser
MMF or SMF
pin or APD
(a) Responsivity
(b) Operating
(c) Speed
(d) Sensitivity
LED Systems
LASER Systems.
800-900 nm
150 Mb/s.km
(Typically
Multimode Fiber)
2500 Mb/s.km
25 Gb/s.km
(InGaAsP Laser)
Up to 500
Gb/s.km
(Best demo)
Design Considerations
Link Power Budget
There is enough power margin in the system to
meet the given BER
The link power budget can be represented graphically (see the right-hand figure).
Here Be and B0
are given in
MHz, so all
times are in ns.
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Short-Wavelength Band
Attenuation and dispersion limits on the transmission distance vs. data rate for
a 770910-nm LED/pin combination.
The BER was 109 ; the fiber-coupled power was 13 dBm up to 200 Mb/s.
The attenuation limit curve was derived by using a fiber loss of 3.5 dB/km
The receiver sensitivities shown in the left figure (8.3)
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Power Penalties
When any signal impairments are present, a lower optical power level arrives at the
receiver compared to the ideal reception case.
This lower power results in a reduced SNR, which leads to a higher BER.
The ratio of the reduced received signal power to the ideal received power is the
power penalty for that effect and is expressed in decibels.
If Pideal and Pimpair are the received optical powers for the ideal and impaired cases,
respectively, then the power penalty PPx in decibels for impairment x is
In some cases, increasing the received optical power can reduce the
power penalty. For other cases (some nonlinear effects) increasing the
received power level will have no effect on the power penalty.
Power penalties may be due to chromatic dispersions and polarizationmode dispersion, modal (speckle) noise, mode-partition noise, the
extinction ratio, chirp, timing jitter, reflection noise, and nonlinear
effects arising from high optical power level in a fiber link.
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The ITU-T Rec. G.957 for SDH and the Telcordia Generic Requirement
GR-253 for SONET:
For a 1-dB power penalty the accumulated dispersion should be less than
0.306 of a bit period ( 0.306).
For a 2-dB power penalty the requirement is 0.491.
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When receiver thermal noise dominates, the 1 and 0 noise powers are equal
and independent of the signal level. In this case, letting P0-ER = 0 and P1-ER =
2Pave, the extinction ratio power penalty becomes,
The power penalty for an APD can be estimated from the SNR degradation
(in dB) due to the signal amplitude decrease as, where x is the excess noise
factor of the APD
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Coherent Detection
Coherent detection provides gain to the incoming optical
signal by combining or mixing it with a locally generated
continuous-wave (CW) optical field.
The result of the mixing is that the dominant noise in the
receiver is the shot noise coming from the local oscillator.
Thus the receiver can have a shot noise limited sensitivity.
Thus DQPSK transmits at a symbol rate of half the aggregate bit rate.
A DQPSK transmitter typically uses two nested Mach-Zehnder modulators
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BER Comparisons
Comparison of Number of
Required Photons per Bit
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